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Body logistics > L21- Structure and function of the nervous system > Flashcards

L21- Structure and function of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

NS can be divided into the

A

central and peripheral NS

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2
Q

CNS

A

brain stem and spinal cord

  • has relay neurones- reflex
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3
Q
A
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4
Q

Peripheral NS

A

cranial and spinal nerves

  • Somatic NS
  • ANS
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5
Q

peripheral nervouss sytem contains

A

sensory and motor neurones

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6
Q

grey matter in the brain

A

found in the periphery in areas called nuclei

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7
Q

grey matter in the spinal cord (butterfly shaped)

A

central

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8
Q

grey matter consists of

A

Nerve cell bodies

Dendrites

Axon terminals

Non-myelinated axons

Neuroglia (support cells)

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9
Q

white matter found where in the brain

A

central

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10
Q

white matter found where in the spinal cord

A

the periphery

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11
Q

white matter consits of

A

myelinated axons

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12
Q

cross section of the human spinal cord (grey)

A

Grey matter- butterfly

  • Anterior and posterior prongs are referred to as ventral horns (VH) and dorsal horns (DH_ respectively
  • Connected by grey commissure (GC)
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13
Q
A
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14
Q

white matter in the spinal cord

A
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15
Q

white matter in the soinal cord contains

A

nerve fibres that form ascending and descending tracts

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16
Q

normal structure of a neurone

A

Normal set of cell organnels

Cytoplasmic projections- dendrites and a single axon

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

parts of neurone found within the CNS

A
  • Cell body (soma)
  • Dendrites
  • Proximal part of the axons
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19
Q

parts of the neurone found within the PNS

A

Distal axon

Sometime coated with insulation (myelin)

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20
Q

Myelin in the CNS produced by

A

Oligodendrites

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21
Q

Myelin in the PNS produced by

A

Schwann cells

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22
Q

three types of neuroens

A

sensory

interneuron

motor neurone

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23
Q

sensory neurones

A
  • Location: periphery towards CNS
  • Function: send environmental signals to integrative centre
  • Structure:
  • Body sits to one side
  • Sometimes body in the middle of the axon
24
Q

integrative (interneurons)

A
  • Location: CNS
  • Function: collate all info
  • Structure:
  • Purkinje cells have a massive number of dendrites- allows a number of different inputs- just one or two signals out
  • Pyramidal cells- body looks like pyramid- many dendrites- one axon
25
Q

Anaxonic neurone

A

Location: Retina

Function: act as relays

26
Q

majority of neuroens in the CNS are

A

interneurones- collate all infor

27
Q

Unipolar, bipolar and postsynaptic autonomic neurone cell bodies are located

A

outside the CNS

28
Q

multipolar neurones

A

One axon and multiple dendrites

Most common

Most neurones in the brain and spinal cord

29
Q

biploar neurones

A

One axon and one dendrite

Olfactory cells, retina and inner ear

30
Q

Unipolar neurones

A
  • Single process leading away from the soma (body)
  • Sensory from skin and organs to spinal cord
31
Q

anaxonic neurone

A

Many dendrites but no axons

Help in visual processes

32
Q

characteristics of neuroens int he CNS

A

Have lots of RER (protein synthesis)

Golgi (vesicles e.g. for NT)

Many free ribosome

Mitochondria, peroxisome and lysosomes found in axon hillock NISSAL bodies- RER and ribosomes

Majority of material go out through the zones

33
Q

axon hillock

A

neck of the neurone

34
Q

transport of vesicles from the soma to the axon terminals

A

Empty vesicles transported to the axons via intracellular neurofilaments (intermediate filaments)

  • antegrade
  • retrograde
35
Q

antegrade

A

Assembly of kinesin- transport empty vesicle and mitochondria from the axon hillock to the distal end of the neurone via microtubules

36
Q

retrograde

A
  • Brings empty vesicles back
  • Does not bring the mitochondria back
37
Q

NT synthesis and vesicle transport

A

Immature vesicle contains only enzymes in its membrane.

  • As it travels down the axon it starts to synthesise the NT
38
Q

outlien movement of vesicles in neurones

A
  1. Synthesis of NT and formation of vesicle in the cell body
  2. Transport of NT down axon via microtubules using kinesin
  3. AP travels down the axon
  4. AP causes calcium to enter- evoking release of NT
  5. NT attaches to receptor, exciting or inhibiting postsynaptic neurone
  6. Separation of NT from receptor
  7. Reuptake of NT to be recycled
39
Q

Vesicles have 2 fates:

A

1) recycled through clathrin-coated endocytosis
2) Lost to neuormolemma:

40
Q

different types of synapses (5)

A
  1. axosomatic
  2. axodendritic
  3. axoaxonic
  4. dendro
  5. axo-axonal
41
Q

axosomatic

A

Directly to the plasma membrane of nerve or cell

42
Q

axodendritic

A

Axon terminal synapses with a dendritic spine

43
Q

axoaxonic

A

Synapse at the axonic bouton

44
Q

dendro-dendritic

A

dendritic dendron touching another dendron

45
Q

Axo-axonal

A

impinging dendritic/ atonal synapse usually inhibits other inputs

46
Q

the synapse and fusion of vesicles

A

SNARE complex and synaptotagmin (calcium dependent)
• Fuse vesicle (membrane) and create pore for NT to leave (porocytosis)

47
Q

nerves bundle together to form

A

fibres- look like skeletal muscle

48
Q

all 3 types of nevre fibres (motor, sensory and integrative) can be

A

present in peripheral nerves

  • each are separated y connective tissue layers
49
Q

endonuerium

A

loos connectiev tissue- surrounds single nerve cells

50
Q

perineurium

A
  • Specialised connective tissue- transport proteins
  • Maintain ionic composition
  • Surrounds clusters of axons (fascicles)
51
Q

epineurium

A
  • Around all the fascicles
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Separates different types of nerves and fills spaces between fascicles
52
Q

paraneurium

A

Fascia that separates nerves from surround structures

53
Q

what stain is used to visualise neuroens and myelin

A

toluidine blue- stains fat e.g. myelin

54
Q

myelination

A

Saltatory condcution faster in myelinated nerves

Conduction faster in large diameter axons

55
Q

electrical conduction fastest in

A

A fibre- thickest

56
Q

electrical conduction is intermediate in

A

B fibres- medium thickness

57
Q

electrical conduction is slowest in

A

C fibres- thinnest

Body logistics (39 decks)

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