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Flashcards in 9/17/12 Deck (35)
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1
Q

What is the #1 cause of epiglottitis in children?

A

H. influenzae

2
Q

What are the 2 major findings in Reye’s syndrome?

A
  1. Hepatic dysfunction 2. Encephalopathy
3
Q

What microscopic changes are seen in the liver in Reye’s syndrome?

A

microvesicular steatosis

4
Q

What causes encephalopathy in Reye’s syndrome?

A

hyperammonemia leading to cerebral edema

5
Q

What is the indicated structure in this brain tumor biopsy? What kind of a tumor must this be?

A

Psammoma body; Meningioma

6
Q

What thyroid malignancy contains psammoma bodies? What gynecological malignancy?

A

papillary thyroid carcinoma; serous papillary ovarian adenocarcinoma

7
Q

What kind of a brain tumor is this?

A

oligodendroglioma (you can tell from the “fried egg” appearance)

8
Q

ADH causes an increased reabsorption of _______ along with water at the medullary collecting ducts.

A

urea

9
Q

What is the main adverse side effect of thiazolinedendiones?

A

water retention

10
Q

What hyperglycemia drug can cause lactic acidosis?

A

metformin

11
Q

Acid alpha glucosidase (acid maltase) deficiency causes _______.

A

Glycogen storage disease type II (Pompe’s)

12
Q

Crohn’s disease is associated w/ a mutation to NF-κB, which is responsible for _______ production.

A

cytokine

13
Q

The ureter exits the renal pelvis and runs along the top the ___(1)___ muscle. Halfway to the pelvic inlet, the ___(2)___ vessels pass over the ureter (“water under the bridge”). At the pelvic brim, the ureter passes over the ___(3)___ vessels. In females, the ureter then passes throgh the ___(4)___ ligament, just deep to the ___(5)___ vessels.

A
  1. psoas
  2. gonadal
  3. external iliac
  4. uterosacral
  5. uterine
14
Q

Endometrial tissue within the myometrium is referred to as _______.

A

adenomyosis

15
Q

A postmenopausal woman presents with abnormal uterine bleeding. Malignant-appearing cells are present in the uterine wall. Dx?

A

adenocarcinoma

16
Q

Ethosuximide prevents absence seizures by blocking _______ current in _______ neurons.

A

Ca++; thalamic

17
Q

_______ inhibits abnormal electrical activity in the brain by blocking NMDA receptors to affect K+ current. It also affects Na+ conductance and GABA receptors.

A

Valproic acid

18
Q

Hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis is d/t extrarenal production of _______ by _______.

A

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; activated MΦs

19
Q

How do sulfasalazines work to treat Crohn’s and UC?

A

decrease inflam by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production

20
Q

What 4 organ systems are most commonly affected in Henoch-Schonlein purpura? What are the usual effects on these systems?

A

. GI: bleeding

Kidneys: IgA nephropathy

Skin: palpable purpura on buttocks

Joints: migratory arthralgias

21
Q

What are the manifestations of IgA nephropathy?

A

glomerulonephritis: mesangial proliferation and crescent formation

22
Q

“Nests of polygonal cells that stain positive w/ Congo red” describes what thyroid neoplasm?

A

medullary carcinoma

23
Q

“Branching structures w/ interspersed calcified bodies with large, ground glass, grooved nuclei” describes which thyroid neoplasm?

A

papillary, well differentiated

24
Q

“Pleomorphic giant cells nests w/ occasional multinucleated cells” describes what type of thyroid neoplasm?

A

anaplastic

25
Q

Biopsy of a thyroid tumor shows sheets of uniform cells with microfollicles containing colloid. How can you differentiate benign follicular adenoma of the thyroid from follicular adenocarcinoma?

A

benign follicular adenomas do not invade

26
Q

“Spindle-shaped cells on an amorphous background” describes what thyroid neoplasm?

A

medullary carcinoma

27
Q

What mutation is most frequently associated w/ medullary carcinoma of the thyroid?

A

activating mutation of the RET proto-oncogene

28
Q

Briefly describe the pathophysiology of ARDS.

A

damage to alveolocapillary membrane causes edema and extravasation of fluid

29
Q

What is the most likely outcome of acute hepatitis C infection?

A

Chronic stable HCV infection

30
Q

What is the second most likely outcome of acute HCV infection (after chronic stable infection)?

A

chronic infection w/ progression to cirrhosis

31
Q

What is the most likely outcome of acute hepatitis B infection?

A

full recovery and immunity

32
Q

Best treatment for Wilson’s disease?

A

chelation w/ penicillamine

33
Q

What chelating agents are used to tx lead poisoning?

A

dimercaprol and EDTA

34
Q

Cirrhosis + pancreatic fibrosis + skin pigmentation = ?

A

hemochromatosis

35
Q

What is 5-HIAA? When is it found in excess in the urine?

A

serotonin metabolite; carcinoid syndrome