9: Which Cancer?

Question 1

A malignancy of the germinal-center B cells that affects the reticuloendothelial and lymphatic systems.

Answer 1

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

Question 2

Most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy.

Answer 2

Neuroblastoma

Question 3

Caused by alterations of genes responsible for normal genitourinary development.

Answer 3

Wilms Tumor

Question 4

Patho: Small, round, blue cell tumors that are undifferentiated.

Answer 4

Neuroblastoma

Question 5

Group of malignant hematologic diseases where normal bone marrow elements are replaced by abnormal, poorly differentiated lymphocytes (i.e., blast cells).

Answer 5

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Question 6

Most common malignancy diagnosed in children, representing one quarter of all pediatric cancers: 80% of cases.

Answer 6

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Question 7

Uses the Shimade classification system.

Answer 7

Neuroblastoma

Question 8

5 year survival rate: approximately 83% for infants; 55% for children aged 1-5 years; 40% for children older than 5 years.

Answer 8

Neuroblastoma

Question 9

Diverse group of solid tumors of the lymphatic tissues that form from malignant proliferation of T cells, B cells, or indeterminate lymphocyte cells.

Answer 9

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

Question 10

Associated with EBV, CMV, and malaria.

Answer 10

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

Question 11

Malignant neoplasms of lymphoid lineage (2).

Answer 11

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

Question 12

Associated anomalies include sporadic aniridia, hemihypertrophy, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and other GU abormalities.

Answer 12

Wilms Tumor

Question 13

Most common presenting sign is leukocoria.

Answer 13

Retinoblastoma

Question 14

Generally arises from multipotential precursor cell (mutation in the long arm of chromosome 13q14) that could develop into almost any type of inner or outer retinal cell.

Answer 14

Retinoblastoma

Question 15

Chromosomal translocations involving genes for immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor molecules increases risk for this cancer.

Answer 15

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

Question 16

Most frequent cancer in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Answer 16

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

Question 17

More common in advanced, Westernized countries.

Answer 17

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

Question 18

Persistent painless adenopathy, usually cervical and/or mediastinal that is unresponsive to antibiotic therapy.

Answer 18

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

Question 19

Arise from a primitive mesenchymal bone-forming cell and characterized by production of osteoid.

Answer 19

Osteosarcoma

Question 20

Genetic abnormalities in the hematopoietic cells take over and result in unregulated clonal proliferation of malignant cells. Uncontrolled increase in immature WBCs suppresses normal hematopoietic stem cells, leading to anemia and thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia.

Answer 20

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Question 21

Down syndrome increases risk of this cancer.

Answer 21

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Question 22

S/Sx:
Acute abdomen (abdominal pain, distention, fullness, constipation) and non-tender lymph node involvement.

Answer 22

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

Question 23

Usually originates in cervical lymph nodes then spreads to other lymph node regions, then to organ systems, liver, spleen, bone, bone marrow, and brain.

Answer 23

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

Question 24

S/Sx:

1. Nontender cervical adenopathy
2. Mediastinal mass
3. Splenomegaly
4. Hepatomegaly

Answer 24

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

Question 25

Successful Hodgkin treatment increases risk of this cancer.

Answer 25

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

Question 26

2nd most common primarily malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents.

Answer 26

Ewing Sarcoma

Question 27

S/Sx: asymptomatic abdominal mass, hematuria, HTN.

Answer 27

Wilms Tumor

Question 28

Patho: Lymphoid progenitor cell becomes genetically altered and subsequently undergoes dysregulated proliferation, with clonal expansion. Transformed lymphoid cells reflect the altered expression of genes usually involved in the normal development of B cells and T cells.

Answer 28

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Question 29

This cancer tends to cluster in families.

Answer 29

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

Question 30

Embryonal malignancy of the sympathetic nervous system arising from pluripotent sympathetic cells.

Answer 30

Neuroblastoma

Question 31

Peaks in children aged 2-6 years old and subsequently decreases with age.

Answer 31

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Question 32

Has Reed-Sternberg cells (RSC).

Answer 32

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

Question 33

Also includes Askin tumor and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors.

Answer 33

Ewing Sarcoma

Question 34

Most common childhood abdominal and renal cancer.

Answer 34

Wilms Tumor

Question 35

S/Sx:

Abdominal pain, emesis, weight loss, anorexia, fatigue, bone pain, limp, HTN, chronic diarrhea.

Answer 35

Neuroblastoma

Question 36

Represents 50% of the lymphomas of childhood.

Answer 36

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

Question 37

Present with pain, palpable mass. Can occur in any location. May have neuropathic pain from disease close to bone.

Answer 37

Ewing Sarcoma

Question 38

3rd most common adolescent cancer. Most common bone cancer.

Answer 38

Osteosarcoma

Question 39

Involvement of the bone marrow and CNS is RARE.

Answer 39

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

Question 40

Manifests as bulky extramedullary (usually extranodal) disease with or without demonstrable dissemination.

Answer 40

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

Question 41

Malignancy of the reticuloendothelial and lymphatic systems and involves B cells.

Answer 41

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

Question 42

Results from neoplastic proliferation of embryonal renal cells of the metanephros.

Answer 42

Wilms Tumor

Question 43

Most common primary ocular malignancy of childhood.

Answer 43

Retinoblastoma