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B12 > Changing Allele Frequencies (9.1) > Flashcards

Changing Allele Frequencies (9.1) Flashcards

1
Q

State what a particular species is defined by

A

Its’ genome

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2
Q

State whether or not the genome of individuals within a species varies

A

Yes.

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3
Q

State what the uniqueness in the genome for species is determined by

A

Unique allele combinations

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4
Q

State what changes in proportion to population changes

A

Percentage of individuals with particular alleles

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5
Q

Describe a gene

A

Sequence of DNA nucleotides

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6
Q

State what a gene codes for

A

Characteristics within a trait

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7
Q

Describe trait

A

A particular characteristic of organism

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8
Q

State what slight variations in the code of a gene result in

A

Different forms of a trait

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9
Q

State a term used to describe slight variation of a gene that result in different forms of a trait

A

Alleles

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10
Q

Describe alleles

A

Different forms of a gene

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11
Q

State what the various combinations of an allele in an individual make up

A

Its’ genotype

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12
Q

Describe genotype

A

The genetic composition of an individual

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13
Q

State what 2 factors determine the phenotype of an individual

A
  1. Genotype

2. Environmental conditions

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14
Q

Describe phenotype

A

Observable characteristics or traits of an organism, determined by genotype and environmental conditions

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15
Q

State what individuals within a species share

A

Genome

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16
Q

State whether or not individuals within a species are genetically identical

A

No

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17
Q

State what provides individuals within a species with genetic uniqueness

A

Different combinations of alleles

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18
Q

State a term used to describe traits that are controlled by one gene

A

Monogenic

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19
Q

Describe monogenic

A

Traits that are controlled by one gene

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20
Q

State the variation of monogenic traits

A

Discrete variation

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21
Q

Provide an alternative term for discrete variation

A

Discontinuous

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22
Q

State a term used to describe traits that are controlled by multiple interacting genes

A

Polygenic

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23
Q

Describe polygenic

A

Traits that are controlled by multiple genes

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24
Q

State the variation of polygenic traits

A

Continuous variation

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25
Q

State what a gene is referred to as when it has more than one allele

A

Polymorphic

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26
Q

Describe polymorphic

A

A gene that has more than one allele

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27
Q

Provide 1 example of polymorphic genes

A

Human blood groups

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28
Q

State why an individual can have two alleles for a trait

A

Diploid cells contain two copies of each chromosome

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29
Q

Describe homozygotes

A

Individuals with two copies of the same allele

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30
Q

Describe heterozygotes

A

Individuals with two different alleles

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31
Q

Describe gene pool

A

All alleles possessed by an entire population, which may be passed on to the next generation

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32
Q

State what the relative proportion of a particular allele in a population is referred to as

A

Allele frequency

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33
Q

Describe allele frequency

A

Relative proportion of particular alleles in a population

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34
Q

State how the allele frequency of a population is generally represented

A
  • percentage

- decimal

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35
Q

State the equation to find allele frequency

A

allele frequency=2(no. homozygotes) + no. heterozygotes) /total no. individuals x100

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36
Q

State whether or not allele frequencies within a gene pol change over time

A

Yes.

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37
Q

State what all genetic variation between species and between individuals of the same species is a result of

A

Mutations

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38
Q

Describe mutations

A

Changes in DNA

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39
Q

State the 3 possible effects of mutations that cannot be repaired on an organism

A
  1. no effect
  2. beneficial effect
  3. harmful effect
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40
Q

State during what stage mutations often occur randomly

A

Replication

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41
Q

State 3 structures which may be affected by mutations

A
  1. single gene
  2. multiple genes
  3. whole chromosomes
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42
Q

State what mutations occur spontaneously as a result of

A

Mutagens

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43
Q

Describe mutagens

A

Factors that induce mutations

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44
Q

State what factors that induce mutations are referred to as

A

Mutagens

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45
Q

State whether or not mutations can be detected and repaired

A

Yes

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46
Q

State by what medium are mutations detected and repaired

A

Enzymes

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47
Q

Describe the effect of neutral mutations

A

No effect on organism survival

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48
Q

Describe the effect of beneficial mutations

A

Increase the likelihood of survival

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49
Q

Describe the effect of harmful mutations

A

Decrease the likelihood of survival

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50
Q

Describe somatic mutations

A

Mutations that occur in body cells

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51
Q

State whether or not somatic mutations can affect an entire species

A

No. Somatic mutations only affect the individual.

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52
Q

Describe germline mutations

A

Heritable mutations that affect gametes

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53
Q

State whether or not germline mutations can be passed from one individual to another within a species

A

Yes. These mutations affect gametes and therefore can be passed on to offspring.

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54
Q

State whether or not germline mutations may bring a new allele into a gene pool

A

Yes.

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55
Q

State whether or not germline mutations can influence allele frequencies

A

Yes.

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56
Q

State the 2 overall classifications of mutations (location)

A
  1. somatic mutations

2. germline mutations

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57
Q

State the 2 types of point mutations

A
  1. Substitution mutations

2. Frameshift mutations

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58
Q

State the 2 major groups of mutations (extensiveness of mutations)

A
  1. Point mutations

2. Block mutations

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59
Q

State the 3 major classifications of substitution mutations

A
  1. Silent mutations
  2. Missense mutations
  3. Nonsense mutations
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60
Q

Genetic sequences are read in sets of how many nucleotides?

A

Three nucleotides

61
Q

State what a sequence of three nucleotides on a template DNA strand is referred to as

A

Triplet

62
Q

State what a sequence of three nucleotides on a mRNA strand is referred to as

A

Codon

63
Q

State what a triplet sequence codes for

A

Specific amino acids

64
Q

State how many nucleotides exist

A

5

65
Q

State how many possible codons exist

A

64

66
Q

State how many amino acids can be produced

A

20

67
Q

State whether or not amino acids can be coded for by more than one codon

A

Yes

68
Q

State what a mutation that alters, adds or removes a single nucleotides from a sequence of DNA or RNA is referred to as

A

Point mutation

69
Q

State what structure/s are affected by a point mutation

A

Single gene

70
Q

Describe a substitution mutation

A

Point mutation - one nucleotide replaced by another

71
Q

Describe a silent mutation

A

Substitution mutation - new codon still codes for the same amino acid

72
Q

Describe a missense mutation

A

Substitution mutations - amino acid replacement

73
Q

State whether or not missense mutations still produce a protein

A

Yes

74
Q

State what the ability of a produced protein affected by a missense mutation to function correctly is dependent upon

A

Function of replaced amino acid

75
Q

Describe a nonsense mutation

A

Substitution mutation - STOP codon

76
Q

State the severest situation involving a nonsense mutation is

A

Mutation occurs early in sequence

77
Q

Describe frameshift mutations

A

Nucleotides added/removed from sequence

78
Q

State the affect of frameshift mutations

A

Alter every codon in sequence from impacted point onwards to change polypeptide produced

79
Q

State what frameshift mutations results in a loss of

A

Functional protein

80
Q

State the 2 types of frameshift mutations

A
  1. Nucleotide insertion

2. Nucleotide deletion

81
Q

Describe nucleotide insertion

A

Addition of nucleotides in sequence to push nucleotides back

82
Q

Describe nucleotide deletion

A

Removal of nucleotides that is pulled forwards in the sequence

83
Q

Describe block mutations

A

Mutations that affect large sections of a chromosome

84
Q

State whether or not block mutations typically affect multiple genes

A

Yes

85
Q

State the 5 main forms of block mutations

A
  1. duplication
  2. deletion
  3. inversion
  4. insertion
  5. translocation
86
Q

State when block mutations generally occur

A

During meiosis in eukaryotic cells

87
Q

State whether or not block mutations can be triggered by mutagens

A

Yes

88
Q

Describe duplication mutations

A

Mutations involving replication of sections of chromosomes

89
Q

State what duplication mutations often result in

A

Increase in gene expression

90
Q

Describe deletion mutations

A

Removal of section of a chromosome

91
Q

State what deletion mutations lead to

A

Disrupted or missing genes

92
Q

Describe inversion mutations

A

Section of sequence break off chromosome, rotate 180 and reattach to the same chromosome

93
Q

State what inversion mutations involve

A

Two bases or several genes

94
Q

Describe insertion mutations

A

Mutations that occur when a section of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chrosome

95
Q

State what the effects of insertion mutations are dependent on

A

The retainment of two copies of every gene

96
Q

Describe translocation mutations

A

Whole chromosome/section of chromosome attached/exchanged with another chromosome

97
Q

State what translocation mutations typically interrupt

A

Normal gene regulation

98
Q

State what translocation mutations can result in

A

Cancer

99
Q

State what always exists between individuals within a population

A

Variation

100
Q

State what variation between individuals within a population is a result of

A

Different combinations of alleles

101
Q

State what 4 factors influence the variation between individuals in a population

A
  1. random mating
  2. independent assortment
  3. recombination during gamete formation
  4. mutations
102
Q

State what variation between individuals within a population can lead to

A

Differences in individuals’ phenotypes

103
Q

Describe selection pressures

A

Conditions or factors that are likely to influence allele frequency in a population

104
Q

State what selection processes along with mutation are combined considered

A

Driving forces of evolution

105
Q

State the 2 classifications of evolution

A
  1. natural environment pressures

2. artificial pressures resulting from selective breeding

106
Q

Describe natural selection

A

Influence of environmental pressures on allele frequency in a population

107
Q

State what environmental selection pressures affect

A

Survival and reproduction of an organism

108
Q

State what individuals with the most advantageous phenotypes have

A

Increased chance of producing fertile offspring

109
Q

State what examples of environmental selection pressures include:

A
  • climatic conditions
  • competition for resources
  • mate availability
  • predator abundance
110
Q

Environmental pressures influence allele frequencies of a gene pool because of a number of factors which include:

A
  1. variation
  2. reproduction
  3. survival
  4. environmental selection pressures
111
Q

Describe adaptive value

A

A measure of how well suited a particular phenotype is to a particular environmental condition

112
Q

State what high adaptive values provide an individual with

A

Advantage over individuals with a lower adaptive value

113
Q

State what high and low adaptive value and the relationship to survival is often considered in parallel with

A

‘Survival of the fittest’ phenomenon

114
Q

State what having an advantageous trait generally means for the individual

A

Individual is more likely to survive to reproduce and pass their alleles on to the next generation

115
Q

State what alleles of the advantageous traits tend to do within the gene pool

A

Increase

116
Q

State what alleles of disadvantageous traits tend to do within the gene pool

A

Decrease

117
Q

State 3 examples of gene flow

A
  1. interbreeding between different populations
  2. seed dispersal in plants
  3. migration
118
Q

State when gene pools may change

A

When new individuals join the population from a different gene pool or when some individuals leave a population

119
Q

Describe gene flow

A

Movement of alleles between individuals of different populations

120
Q

State what occurs when gene flow exists between two different populations

A

Gene pools may remain fairly similar

121
Q

State what occurs when gene flow is not possible between two different populations

A

Gene pools are said to be ‘isolated’

122
Q

State what may occur to allele frequencies in a gene pool

A

Change randomly over time as a result of chance events

123
Q

Describe genetic drift

A

Random changes of allele frequencies in a gene pool due to chance events

124
Q

State where genetic drifting is more clearly seen

A

Small population with little or no gene flow

125
Q

State why genetic drifting is emphasised by small population with minimal gene flow

A

Death of one individual can significantly alter the allele frequencies

126
Q

State what generally occurs as a result of genetic drift in small populations

A

Loss of genetic diversity over time as alleles are lost from the gene pool

127
Q

State the 2 major types of genetic drift

A
  1. bottleneck effect

2. founder effect

128
Q

State what the number of individuals in a population can be drastically and quickly reduced as a result of

A

Random event

129
Q

Provide an example of a random event that can result in the dramatic and drastic reduction of the number of individuals in a population

A

Natural disaster

130
Q

Describe the bottleneck effect

A

Result of removal of a large proportion of a population from their habitat by chance

131
Q

State what the bottleneck effect results in

A

Reduced possible reproductive pairings

132
Q

State what reduced reproductive pairings results in

A

High levels of inbreeding

133
Q

State what high levels of inbreeding results in

A

Reduced variation in the population and increase in numbers of homozygous individulas

134
Q

The smaller the population the _____ the effect of genetic drift

A

Greater

135
Q

State whether or not alleles can be immediately lost from the gene pool after a natural disaster

A

Yes

136
Q

State whether or not alleles can be ‘bred out’ of the gene pool in only a few generations after a natural disaster

A

Yes

137
Q

State what the lowered variation in a gene pool as a result of the bottleneck effect will make the population more vulnerable to

A

Environmental change

138
Q

Describe the founder effect

A

Dispersion of a small portion of a population to a new location which results in a genetic isolation

139
Q

State what the founder effect results in

A

High levels of inbreeding

140
Q

Describe interbreeding

A

Mating of two different species

141
Q

Describe inbreeding

A

Mating of individuals that are genetically related

142
Q

Describe heterozygote advantage

A

Heterozygous genotype has higher fitness than homozygous dominant/homozygous recessive genotype

143
Q

Describe macromutation

A

Mutation producing phenotype well outside the range of variation previously existing.

144
Q

State what natural selection acts upon

A

Organism’s phenotype

145
Q

State when genetic drift is most likely to be observed

A

When the population is small

146
Q

State the two things that can change allele frequencies

A
  1. Genetic mutations

2. Environmental pressures

147
Q

Describe adaptive radiation

A

Organisms diversify rapidly from ancestral species into new forms

148
Q

Describe biodiversity

A

A measure of variation at the genetic, species, and ecosystem level

149
Q

State between what classification of chromosomes translocation mutations occur

A

Non-homologous chromosomes

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