Respiratory control

Question 1

What are the two types of chemoreceptor?

Answer 1

Central and peripheral

Question 2

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors found?

Answer 2

In the aortic arch and carotid body

Question 3

What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 3

O2, CO2, H+ concentrations

Question 4

What nerves detect peripheral chemoreceptor activation?

Answer 4

IX, X

Question 5

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

Answer 5

Pontomedullary junction

Question 6

What do central chemoreceptors detect?

Answer 6

H+ in the CSF which is present through the dissociation of CO2 which has diffused through the BBB

Question 7

What are the three types of pulmonary stretch receptors?

Answer 7

Slowly adapting, rapidly adapting, juxtapulmonary

Question 8

Where are slowly adapting stretch receptors located?

Answer 8

Airway smooth muscle

Question 9

What do slowly adapting stretch receptors detect, and what is their action?

Answer 9

Stretch of the airway smooth muscle, causing inhibition of inspiration

Question 10

Where are rapidly adapting stretch receptors located?

Answer 10

Airway epithelial cells

Question 11

What do rapidly adapting stretch receptors detect, and what is their action?

Answer 11

Detect changes in volume or irritants, and cause bronchoconstriction or cough reflex

Question 12

Where are juxtapulmonary receptors detected?

Answer 12

Parallel to pulmonary blood vessels

Question 13

What do juxtapulmonary stretch receptors detect and what is their action?

Answer 13

Irritants, lung volume, interstitial fluid vol and noxious agents, causing bronchoconstriction and rapid shallow breathing

Question 14

What is the pre-botzinger complex?

Answer 14

Pacemaker cells in the superior ventral respiratory group, acting as a breathing rhythm generator

Question 15

What are the two pontine respiratory groups?

Answer 15

Pneumotaxic and apneustic centres

Question 16

What does increased innervation of the pneumotaxic centre cause?

Answer 16

Shallower ventilation with increased frequency

Question 17

What is the normal action of the pneumotaxic centre?

Answer 17

Time dependant inhibition of the apneustic centre to allow for expiration

Question 18

What is the normal action of the apneustic centre?

Answer 18

Adjust inspiration and increase inspiratory intensity

Question 19

Where is the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups?

Answer 19

In the medulla

Question 20

What is the action of the dorsal respiratory group?

Answer 20

Stimulation of diaphragm and external intercostals, sends signals to ventral respiratory group (active during inspiration)

Question 21

What is the action of the ventral respiratory group?

Answer 21

Centre for forced inspiration and expiration, stimulates accessory muscles of ventilation and inhibits apneustic centre. (active in both inspiration and expiration)