Bladder

Question 1

What are the 4 types of urinary incontinence?

Answer 1

Stress incontinence, urge incontinence, retention with overflow, anatomical

Question 2

What is stress incontinance?

Answer 2

Leakage on coughing or straining due to a weak sphincter

Question 3

What is urge incontinence?

Answer 3

Leakage with urgency due to bladder overactivity

Question 4

What is retention with overflow?

Answer 4

Continuous dribbling

Question 5

What is anatomical urinary incontinence?

Answer 5

Continuous dribbling with normal voids; can be congenital or acquired

Question 6

What is the trigone?

Answer 6

A triangular area located within the fundus of the bladder. It has smooth wall and is developed by the integration of two mesonephric ducts at the base of the bladder

Question 7

What is the name of the smooth muscle in the bladder wall?

Answer 7

Detrusor muscle

Question 8

What is the male internal urethral sphincter?

Answer 8

Circular smooth fibres which are under autonomic control

Question 9

What is the role of the male internal urethral sphincter?

Answer 9

Prevention of seminal regurgitation during ejaculation

Question 10

What is the female external sphincter?

Answer 10

A functional sphincter formed by the anatomy of the bladder neck and proximal urethra

Question 11

Is the internal or external urethral sphincter structurally different between the sexes?

Answer 11

Internal

Question 12

What is the external urethral sphincter?

Answer 12

Skeletal muscle ring

Question 13

How does the external urethral sphincter vary in males and females?

Answer 13

In males the external sphincteric mechanism is more complex

Question 14

Is the external or internal urethral sphincter under voluntary control?

Answer 14

External

Question 15

What vessels supply the bladder?

Answer 15

Internal iliac vessels

Question 16

What is the sympathetic supply to the bladder?

Answer 16

Hypogastric nerve (T12-L2)

Question 17

What effect does activation of the hypogastric nerve have on the bladder?

Answer 17

Relaxation of the detrusor muscle, promoting urine retention

Question 18

What is the parasympathetic supply to the bladder?

Answer 18

The pelvic nerve (S2-S4)

Question 19

What effect does activation of the pelvic nerve have on the bladder?

Answer 19

Contraction of the detrusor muscle, stimulating micturition

Question 20

What is the somatic supply to the bladder?

Answer 20

Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

Question 21

What effect does activation of the pudendal nerve have on the bladder?

Answer 21

Innervates the external urethral sphincter so voluntary control over micturition

Question 22

Where are sensory (afferent) nerves found in the bladder?

Answer 22

The bladder wall

Question 23

What do the afferent nerves of the bladder do?

Answer 23

Signal the need to urinate when the bladder becomes full

Question 24

What is the bladder stretch reflex?

Answer 24

A primitive spinal reflex in which micturition is stimulated in response to stretch of the bladder wall. This must be overridden by the higher centres of the brain during toilet training in infants.

Question 25

What areas of the brain coordinate bladder and sphincter function?

Answer 25

Pontine micturition centre and periaqueductal grey

Question 26

What are the two main types of urinary buffer?

Answer 26

Phosphate and ammonium

Question 27

What is the aim of urinary buffers?

Answer 27

To add alkalinity to the blood after is it made acidic from carbon dioxide