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Human Anatomy BIO244 > Introduction to Skeletal System > Flashcards

Introduction to Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, Hematopoiesis (blood cell production)

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2
Q

What are the four types of bones?

A

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular

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3
Q

What is a bone head?

A

enlarged, often rounded, articular end of a bone

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4
Q

What is a bone tubercle?

A

small rounded process

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5
Q

What is a bone tuberosity?

A

a knob like, rough process

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6
Q

What is a bone trochanter?

A

large, rough structures, only on femur

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7
Q

What is a bone condyle?

A

a smooth rounded, articular process

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8
Q

What is a bone epicondyle?

A

a projection on or above a condyle

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9
Q

What is a bone process?

A

a bony bump or projection on a bone

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10
Q

What is a bone crest?

A

a prominent ridge

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11
Q

What is a bone line?

A

a low ridge, less prominent than a crest

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12
Q

What is a bone spine?

A

a slender, sharp process

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13
Q

What is a bone facet?

A

smooth, flat articular surface

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14
Q

What is a bone fossa?

A

a shallow groove

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15
Q

What is a bone fissure?

A

a narrow, slit-like passage way

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16
Q

What is a bone foramen?

A

a hole or opening through the bone

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17
Q

What is a bone meatus?

A

a canal or tube-like passage within a bone

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18
Q

What is a bone suture?

A

not a structure on a bone, but a line of union between bones

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19
Q

What are the major divisions of the skeleton?

A

Axial (skull, spine, thorax) Appendicular (limbs, pelvis)

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20
Q

What are the bones with sinuses?

A

Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxillary

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21
Q

What are joints?

A

Points where bones are bound together and/or move against each other

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22
Q

What are articulations?

A

Bones moving against each other

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23
Q

What are the two ways to name joints?

A

According to the bones forming the joint and their greek name

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24
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

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25
Q

What is the joint classification according to the degree of movement?

A

Synarthrosis, Amphiarthrosis, Diarthrosis

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26
Q

What does “Syn-“ mean?

A

Together

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27
Q

What does “Amphi-“ mean?

A

Both

28
Q

What does “Dia-“ mean?

A

Across

29
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Bones joined by fibrous connective tissue, little/no movement, no cavity. ex: sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

30
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

Cartilage between bones, no fluid in joint.

31
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

lots of movement, contains synovial fluid, has articular cartilage covering the ends, joint cavity and capsule, supporting ligaments

32
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses and Symphyses

33
Q

What are synchondroses?

A

Bones joined by hyaline cartilage, small movements, braces the sternum and bone head

34
Q

What are symphyses?

A

Bones joined by fibrocartilage, small movements, braces the vertebrae

35
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

a thin fibrous cartilage between the surfaces of some joints

36
Q

What is a bursa?

A

a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity, especially one countering friction at a joint.

37
Q

What is a tendon sheath?

A

a layer of synovial membrane around a tendon

38
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A
  • Ball and socket
  • Hinge
  • Plane
  • Saddle
  • Pivot
  • Ellipsoid
39
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

a joint in which the rounded surface of a bone moves within a depression on another bone, allowing greater freedom of movement than any other kind of joint.

40
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

a type of synovial joint that exists in the body and serves to allow motion primarily in one plane.

41
Q

What is a plane joint?

A

joints that allow the bones to slide or rotate against each other, but the range of motion is usually slight and tightly limited by ligaments or surrounding bones.

42
Q

What is a saddle joint?

A

a type of synovial joint that allow articulation by reciprocal reception. Both bones have concave-convex articular surfaces which interlock like two saddles opposed to one another.

43
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

a type of synovial joint that permit axial rotation

44
Q

What is an ellipsoid joint?

A

an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes

45
Q

What is flexion?

A

a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts

46
Q

What is extension?

A

a movement that increases the angle between two body parts

47
Q

What is abduction?

A

a movement away from the midline – just as abducting someone is to take them away

48
Q

What is adduction?

A

is a movement towards the midline

49
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

extension at the ankle, so that the foot points inferiorly. Similarly there is a term for the hand, which is palmarflexion.

50
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

refers to flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly.

51
Q

What is pronation?

A

is the motion that moves the forearm from the supinated (anatomical) position to the pronated (palm backward) position

52
Q

What is supination?

A

is the opposite motion, in which rotation of the radius returns the bones to their parallel positions and moves the palm to the anterior facing (supinated) position.

53
Q

What is rotation?

A

a rotating movement going towards either the midline or away from the midline (medial/lateral)

54
Q

What is circumduction?

A

the movement of a body region in a circular manner, in which one end of the body region being moved stays relatively stationary while the other end describes a circle

55
Q

What is gliding?

A

Movement of one surface over another without angular or rotatory movement

56
Q

What is hyperextension?

A

is an excessive joint movement in which the angle formed by the bones of a particular joint is opened, or straightened, beyond its normal, healthy, range of motion.

57
Q

What is eversion?

A

the movement of the sole away from the median plane – so that the sole faces in a lateral direction.

58
Q

What is inversion?

A

the movement of the sole towards the median plane – so that the sole faces in a medial direction.

59
Q

What is opposition?

A

is the thumb movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger

60
Q

What is protraction?

A

describes the anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall that allows the shoulder to move anteriorly. In practice, this is the movement of ‘reaching out’ to something.

61
Q

What is retraction?

A

refers to the posteromedial movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall, which causes the shoulder region to move posteriorly i.e. picking something up.

62
Q

What is elevation?

A

to movement in a superior direction

63
Q

What is depression?

A

to movement in an inferior direction.

64
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

A type of arthritis that occurs when flexible tissue at the ends of bones wears down.

65
Q

What is Rheumatoid arthritis?

A

he body’s immune system attacks its own tissue, including joints and degrading them

66
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation of the fluid-filled pads (bursae) that act as cushions at the joints.

Human Anatomy BIO244 (32 decks)

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