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Human Anatomy BIO244 > Digestive System Quiz > Flashcards

Digestive System Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main parts of the digestive system?

A

Alimentary canal

Accessory organs

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2
Q

What makes up the Alimentary Canal?

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
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3
Q

What are the Accessory Structures?

A 
Liver
Pancreas
Gall Bladder
Teeth
Salivary glands
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4
Q

What things occur in the digestive system?

A
  • Propulsion(peristalsis)
  • Mixing
  • Secretion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Elimination
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5
Q

What are the layers of the digestive tract?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa/Adeventitia
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6
Q

What is mucosa?

A

lining epithelium of glandular tissue w/ lamina propria(vascular supporting loose connective tissue)

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7
Q

What is submucosa?

A

larger blood vessels
lymphatics
nerves
mucous secreting glands

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8
Q

What is muscularis?

A

inner circular
outer longitudinal
used in peristalsis

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9
Q

What is the Serosa or Adventitia?

A

outermost layer of loose connective tissue covered by viseral peritoneum, contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

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10
Q

What type of tissue lines the oral cavity?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What are the functions of the oral cavity?

A

begin mechanical and chemical digestion

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12
Q

What is the soft palate?

A

classes off nasal passage and airway during swallowing, protects the nasal passage during sneezing by diverting to the mouth

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13
Q

What is the hard palate?

A

ridges grip food, rigid support for nasal cavity so that pressure in mouth doesn’t close off nasal passage

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14
Q

What are the three paired major salivary glands?

A

parotid- serous
submandibular- seromucous
sublingual- mucous

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15
Q

What controls salivation?

A

The autonomic nervous system

  • Parasympathetic promotes salivation
  • Sympathetic decreases salivation
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16
Q

What is the difference between salivation at rest and at stimulation?

A

Rest- 2/3 in submandibular

Stimulation- 50% in parotid

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17
Q

What are in salivary enzymes?

A

Salivary amylase

Lingual lipase

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18
Q

What are the types of teeth?

A 
Incisors 8
Canines 4
Premolars 8
Molars 8
Wisdom teeth 4
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19
Q

What are the parts of the tooth?

A 
Crown
- Above the gingiva
Root
- Below the gingiva
- anchored in bone
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20
Q

What are the four materials that make up the teeth?

A

Enamel
Dentin
Cementum
Pulp

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21
Q

What is enamel?

A

Covers crown

Hardest substance in body

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22
Q

What is dentin?

A

Under enamel

Much softer

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23
Q

What is cementum?

A

Covers the root of tooth

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24
Q

What is pulp?

A

Center of tooth (root canal)

Contains nerves and blood vessels that supply the tooth with sensations

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25
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

area behind nose and mouth

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26
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

respiratory and digestive

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27
Q

What are the three sections of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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28
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

small, movable “lid” just above the larynx that prevents food and drink from entering your windpipe

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29
Q

What tissue lines the stomach and beyond?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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30
Q

What is the esophageal hiatus?

A

opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus and the vagus nerve pass

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31
Q

What are the esophageal sphincters?

A

Upper (UES)
-Forms a barrier between esophagus and pharynx
Lower (LES)
-Cardiac/Gastroesophageal sphincter

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32
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

upper part of the stomach bulges up through the hiatus, pushes stomach acids into esophagus

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33
Q

What are the four sections of the stomach?

A
  • Cardiac
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pylorus
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34
Q

What holds the stomach in place?

A

Lesser omentum
- liver to lesser curvature
Upper omentum
- greater curvature to transverse colon

35
Q

What are the layers of muscle in the stomach?

A
  • Longitudinal
  • Circular
  • Oblique
36
Q

What are rugae?

A

ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ

37
Q

What lines/protects the stomach?

A

Alkaline mucus

38
Q

What cells are involved in gastric gland secretion?

A
  • Parietal cells
  • Chief cells
  • Mucous Neck Cells
  • Enterendocrine (G) Cells
39
Q

What do parietal cells produce?

A

HCl - denatures proteins, kills bacteria

Intrinsic Factor - necessary for B12 absorption

40
Q

What do chief cells produce?

A

Pepsinogen

41
Q

What do mucous neck cells produce?

A

Secrete acidic mucous

42
Q

What do enteroendocrine (G) cells produce?

A

Secrete hormones, including gastrin

43
Q

What is gastrin?

A

Peptide hormone, stimulates gastric acid secretion (HCl)
HCl causes pepsinogen to convert to pepsin for pepsin to break down proteins
Aids in peristalsis

44
Q

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

A
  • Cephalic (brain)
  • Gastric (3-4 hours in stomach)
  • Intestinal (duodenum
45
Q

How does the stomach go through mechanical digestion?

A

Mixing wave caused by muscles, gradually intensifying towards pylorus eventually creating chyme

46
Q

How does the stomach go through chemical digestion?

A
  1. Salivary amylase
  2. Chyme
  3. Gastric lipase
  4. HCl
  5. Pepsin
  6. Rennin
47
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • Stores glycogen, vitamins, and minerals
  • Nutrient conversion
  • Detoxification
  • Removes ammonia
  • Blood protein synthesis
  • Bile production = cholesterol+hemoglobin
48
Q

What is the process of bile secretion?

A 
Hepatocytes
-secrete bile
Canaliculi
-send bile to hepatic ducts
Hepatic ducts
-adds bile acids, cholesterol, and organic molecules
Gallbladder
-5x concentration
49
Q

What are the ducts of the liver?

A

Right+left hepatic ducts= common hepatic

Common hepatic+cystic duct= common bile duct

Cystic duct connects gallbladder to common bile duct

50
Q

What are the lobes of the liver?

A
  • Left
  • Right
  • Caudate
  • Quadrate
51
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

store and concentrate bile

52
Q

What is the cystic duct?

A

joins gallbladder to common hepatic duct

53
Q

What does bile do?

A

Critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in small intestine

54
Q

What are the endocrine glands of the pancreas?

A

Hormone production

  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
55
Q

What are the exocrine glands of the pancreas?

A

digestive enzymes

56
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

57
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

22-25 feet

58
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

first section of the small intestine, shortest, contains duodenal glands, pancreatic secretions, and bile

59
Q

What does the duodenum do?

A

chemically digests chyme to prepare it for absorption in small intestine

60
Q

What is the jejunum and ileum?

A

absorbs nutrients from food using finger-like projections called villi

61
Q

What is the ileocecal valve?

A

sphincter between ileum and colon

62
Q

What does the vermiform appendix do?

A

aids in immune function and harbors bacteria

63
Q

What does the large intestine include?

A

cecum, colon, rectum

64
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

5 feet

65
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Absorbs water
contains digestive bacteria
Vitamin k2 production

66
Q

What are the four parts of the colon?

A
  • Ascending
  • Transverse
  • Descending
  • Sigmoid
67
Q

What is the rectum?

A

muscular tube with three valves to separate feces from gas

68
Q

What is the anal canal?

A

inner and outer sphincters for defecation

69
Q

How are the colon and large intestine different?

A

The colon does not include the cecum, appendix, rectum, or anal canal

70
Q

What are haustra?

A

small pouches caused by sacculation, make the colon look segmented

71
Q

What are haustral contractions?

A

slow segmenting movements occurring every 25 minutes

72
Q

What are Taenia coli?

A

visible ribbons of smooth muscle on external surface of colon

73
Q

What are Epiploic Appendages?

A

Pouches of peritoneum filled with fat along the colon, absent in the rectum

74
Q

What is the Mesentery?

A

Set of tissues attaching intestines to posterior abdominal wall, formed by double fold of peritoneum that stores fat and allows vessels and nerves to supply the intestines

75
Q

What does insulin do?

A

lower blood sugar level

76
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

raises blood sugar level

77
Q

What separates the left and right lobes of the liver?

A

falciform ligament

78
Q

What liver lobe wraps around the inferior vena cave?

A

caudate lobe

79
Q

What liver lobe wraps around the gallbladder?

A

quadrate lobe

80
Q

What is the sphincter of Oddi?

A

controls release of bile, dysfunction can backup digestive juices and cause sever abdominal pain

81
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

breaks starch into sugar, 30% of starch digestion in mouth

82
Q

What does lingual lipase do?

A

breaks medium and long-chain fats into smaller pieces

83
Q

How much liquid is pushed out at a time to the small intestine?

A

2ml

Human Anatomy BIO244 (32 decks)

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