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Human Anatomy BIO244 > Nutritional Physiology > Flashcards

Nutritional Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the macronutrients?

A

Carbs
Proteins
Fats

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2
Q

What are the micronutrients?

A

Vitamins

Minerals

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3
Q

What are the essential nutrients?

A

Nutrients humans can’t synthesize (a.a.)

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4
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Uses energy to build bigger things from smaller things

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5
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breaks down larger things into smaller things to create energy

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6
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The process used in catabolism to breakdown large molecules by adding water

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7
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

The process used in anabolism to build larger molecules by removing the water in small ones.

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8
Q

What is leptin?

A

A hormone that tells you that you are full

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9
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

A hormone that tells you that you are hungry

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10
Q

What is neuropeptide Y?

A

Controls appetite, increased by ghrelin and decreased by leptin

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11
Q

What are carbs?

A

organic compounds that include sugars and starches, energy from their chemical bonds is used

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12
Q

What does excess CHO do?

A

Obesity
Dental caries
Nutritional deficits

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13
Q

What does CHO deficiency do?

A

Metabolic acidosis

Weight loss

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14
Q

What are complex CHO?

A

Polysaccharides:
Starch
Glycogen

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15
Q

What are simple CHO?

A

Disaccharides (milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, molasses)

Monosaccharides (honey and fruits)

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16
Q

What does digestion do to complex CHO?

A

Breaks it into monosaccharides small enough to be absorbed

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17
Q

What is cellulose?

A

Complex CHO that humans can’t digest, we use it to move toxins out of our colon as it increases healthy bowel movement

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18
Q

What are monosaccharides that are absorbed?

A

Fructose, Galactose, Glucose

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19
Q

What is the minimum CHO intake?

A

130g/day

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20
Q

What is avg CHO intake?

A

200-300g/day

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21
Q

What are lipids?

A

Organic compounds including fats, oils, and fat-like substances like phospholipids and cholesterol

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22
Q

What do lipids do?

A

Supply energy and build membranes

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23
Q

What are the most common dietary lipids?

A

triglyceride

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24
Q

What does an excess in lipids do?

A

Obesity
Increased serum cholesterol
Increased risk of heart disease

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25
Q

What does a deficiency in lipids do?

A

Weight loss
Skin lesions
Hormonal imbalance

26
Q

Where do we get lipids?

A

Seeds, nuts, oils, meat, eggs, milk, lard

27
Q

How do we use lipids for energy?

A

We oxidize them

28
Q

Where are lipids stored?

A

Adipose tissue

29
Q

What can glycerol be used for?

A

Synthesizing glucose

30
Q

How is dietary fat utilized?

A

Broken down into glycerol and fatty acids, they are used in the catabolic pathways to provides energy

31
Q

What organ uses fatty acids to synthesize other lipids?

A

The liver

32
Q

What are proteins?

A

Polymers of a.a.

33
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Build more proteins, supply energy

34
Q

What is the waste product of protein metabolism?

A

Urea

35
Q

What does an excess of protein do?

A

Obesity

36
Q

What does a deficiency in protein do?

A

Weight loss
Muscle wasting
Anemia
Growth retardation

37
Q

How do we use proteins?

A

We break them down into a.a. and use those as building blocks

38
Q

What does a negative nitrogen balance mean?

A

Starvation

39
Q

What does a positive nitrogen balance mean?

A

Growing child, pregnant women, athletes

40
Q

What is BMR?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate, the rate that the body expends energy at rest

41
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Controls BMR by regulating how much oxygen the cells use, affects protein synthesis

42
Q

What does GH do to metabolism?

A

Raises blood glucose

  • increasing protein synthesis
  • promotes fatty acid breakdown
43
Q

What is A1C?

A

Hemoglobin levels that are blood with glucose bound to them (6-7%)

44
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

accumulating of ketones, increasing acidity of the blood

45
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

Low blood glucose, excess insulin

46
Q

What vitamins are fat-soluble?

A

A D E K

47
Q

What vitamins are water-soluble?

A

B C

48
Q

What do fat-soluble vitamins do?

A

Stored well in fats, resistant to heat

49
Q

What do water-soluble vitamins do?

A

Not stored well, destroyed by heat

50
Q

What does a Thiamine (B1) deficiency do?

A

Fatigue, appetite loss, confusion, weakness

51
Q

What does a riboflavin (B2) deficiency do?

A

dermatitis, blurry vision

52
Q

What does a niacin (B3) deficiency do?

A

dermatitis, diarrhea, mental disorders

53
Q

What does a folic acid (B9) deficiency do?

A

neural tube defects in fetus

54
Q

What does a cyanocobalamin (B12) deficiency do?

A

anemia

55
Q

What does a vitamin c deficiency do?

A

scurvy, fragile, poor healing

56
Q

Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness, degeneration of epithelial tissue

57
Q

Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets, decalcification and weakening

58
Q

Vitamin E deficiency?

A

rare, uncertain

59
Q

Vitamin K deficiency?

A

clotting issues

60
Q

What do minerals do?

A

Concentrated in bones and teeth, they aid in the structure of all cells

61
Q

What do coenzymes do?

A

Allow for enzymes to work, made up of vitamins and minerals

62
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Tells the body which source of energy to use

Human Anatomy BIO244 (32 decks)

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