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Human Anatomy BIO244 > Nervous System I > Flashcards

Nervous System I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of nervous system?

A 
mental activity
monitors
senses
integration
processing
coordination
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2
Q

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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3
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory (afferent)

Motor (efferent)

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the motor (efferent)?

A

Voluntary (somatic)

Involuntary (automatic)

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5
Q

What are the two divisions of the involuntary (autonomic) system?

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

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6
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do?

A

the rest and digestion response

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7
Q

What does the sympathetic system do?

A

the fight or flight response

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8
Q

What are the two cell types of the nervous system?

A

Neurons (conducting cells)

Neuroglia (supporting cells)

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9
Q

What bundled together make nerves?

A

Axons

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10
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Association neurons between motor and sensory neurons

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11
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

has many dendrites and a single axon, motor neurons and most CNS neurons

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12
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

one dendrite and one axon, used in the eye and sense of smell

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13
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

one short process attached to one long axon, sensory neurons

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14
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Supporting non-conduction cells that assisit neurons anatomically and physiologically, there are more of them than neurons

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15
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

(CNS) star-shaped supporting framework for blood vessels and neurons that help form blood-brain barrier

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16
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

(CNS) phagocytes, remove dead tissue, microbes, foreign material

17
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

(CNS) line cavities of the brain and spinal cord, work with blood vessels to form cerebrospinal fluid from blood

18
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

(CNS) form myelin sheaths on multiple axons

19
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

(PNS) wrap around axons of neurons to form myelin sheaths

20
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

(PNS) Surround neuron cell bodies in sensory ganglia, protects neurons from heavy metals

21
Q

What are myelin sheaths?

A

formed by Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS), made of lipids that insulate the axon and speed up the rate of nerve impulse. Not all axons are myelinated

22
Q

What is the layering of the spinal cord?

A

white matter, then dark matter

23
Q

What is the layering of the brain?

A

dark matter, then white matter

24
Q

What are axons bundled together called in the two major divisions?

A

Nerves (PNS)

Tracts (CNS)

25
Q

What are soma and dendrites clumped together called in the two major divisions?

A

Ganglia (PNS)

Nuclei (CNS)

26
Q

What forms white matter?

A

Myelinated axons

27
Q

What forms grey matter?

A

Unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites

28
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

Most interior borders of nerve, seperates differing axons

29
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

Median border of nerve, separates differing axon clusters

30
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

Outer border of nerve, furthest from axon cluster

31
Q

What are the dorsal/ventral rootlets of the spinal nerve?

A

dorsal rootlets carry sensory fibers, ventral rootlets carry motor fibers

32
Q

What are the dorsal/ventral roots?

A

dorsal roots carry sensory fibers from dorsal root ganglia, ventral roots carry motor fibers from the ventral horn

33
Q

What are the dorsal/ventral rami?

A

contain nerves that provide visceral motor, somatic motor, and sensory information, with the dorsal ramus feeding the dorsal trunk (skin and muscles of the back), and the ventral ramus feeding the ventral trunk and limbs through the ventrolateral surface

34
Q

What are the rami communicantes?

A

structure that anteriorly connects the spinal nerve to the sympathetic trunk

35
Q

What are the dorsal root ganglion?

A

a group of cell bodies responsible for the transmission of sensory messages from receptors such as thermoreceptors, nociceptors, proprioceptors, and chemoreceptors, to the CNS for a response

36
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglian?

A

contains preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system in the lower back

37
Q

How do the nodes of Ravier speed up an AP signal?

A

they reduce the amount of surface that the AP system as to cover via saltatory conduction

38
Q

How does a synapse release neurotransmitters?

A

Calcium releases into the presynaptic neuron and activate synaptic vessels

39
Q

What are four neurotransmitters?

A

acetylcholine
serotonin
dopamine
norepinephrine

Human Anatomy BIO244 (32 decks)

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