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FIP > 3. Cell Injury and Cell Death > Flashcards

3. Cell Injury and Cell Death Flashcards

1
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Decrease in the size or number of cells

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2
Q

What are the reasons for atrophy?

A 
Decrease in workload
Loss of innervation or blood supply
Inadequate nutrition
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Ageing
Physiologically in fetal development
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3
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size of cells

Happens in permanent cells

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4
Q

Give 2 examples of hypertrophy

A

Skeletal muscle and exercise

Left ventricle and hypertension

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5
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of cells

Labile or stable cells

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6
Q

Give 2 examples of hyperplasia

A

Breast/uterus in response to hormones

Compensation in a partial hepatectomy

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7
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Replacement of one adult epithelial type by another one

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8
Q

What parts of the cell are vulnerable to injury?

A

Mitochondria
Membrane
Ribosomes
DNA

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9
Q

What effect does damage to a mitochondria have?

A

Inhibition of aerobic respiration causes reduction in ATP

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10
Q

What does an increase in anaerobic respiration in reversible mitochondrial damage cause?

A

Reduction in Na+ pump, leading to accumulation of Na+ and water within the cell

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11
Q

What processes create free radicals?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation
Radiation
Inflammation
Drugs

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12
Q

What inactivates free radicals?

A

Enzymes

Antioxidants

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13
Q

How can free radicals injure the cell?

A

Lipid peroxidation of membranes
Damage enzymes
Mutate DNA

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14
Q

What cell changes are associated with reversible cell injury?

A 
Swelling
Bebbing of cell membrane
Loss of microvilli
ER dilates and ribosomes detach
Nuclear alterations
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15
Q

What cell changes are associated with irreversible cell injury?

A

PM damage and enzyme release

Damage to mitochondrial and lysosome membranes

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16
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Enzymatic digestion of an injured cell and surrounding cells

ALWAYS associated with inflammation

17
Q

What changes are seen in the cell in necrosis?

A

Cytoplasmic eosinophilia
Pkynosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis

18
Q

What is pyknosis?

A

Shrinking of nucleus

19
Q

What is karyorrhexis?

A

Breaking up of nucleus

20
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

Nucleus disappears

21
Q

Where is coagulative necrosis seen?

A

Areas of hypoxia outside of the brain

22
Q

What does coagulative necrosis look like?

A

Cell shape and organ structure are preserved

Nucleus disappears

23
Q

What does liquefactive necrosis look like?

A

Liquid, complete digestion of cells by enzymes

24
Q

What causes liquefactive necrosis?

A

Bacterial and fungal infection

Hypoxia in brain (lysosome rich)

25
Q

What kind of infection causes caseous necrosis?

A

TB

26
Q

What does caseous necrosis look like?

A

Crumbly, white

Granular debris surrounded by a ring of granulomatous inflammation

27
Q

What happens in fat necrosis?

A

Fat is broken up by lipases

Ca++ soaps can be formed

28
Q

What circumstances cause fat necrosis?

A

Fat trauma

Pancreatitis

29
Q

What is fibroid necrosis?

A

Damage to a blood vessel wall

30
Q

What circumstances does fibroid necrosis happen in?

A

Malignant hypertension and vasculitis

31
Q

What type of necrosis is not actually necrosis?

A

Gangrenous

32
Q

Name an anti-apoptotic gene

A

Bcl-2

33
Q

Name a pro-apoptotic gene

A

Bax

34
Q

Describe the process of apoptosis

A

Triggered by internal damage or external signals
Caspase cleaves proteins
Endonuclease fragments DNA
Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies

35
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Occurs when serum Ca++ is normal

Calcium is deposited in necrotic tissue

36
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

Hypercalcaemia

Ca++ is deposited in normal tissue: vessels, kidneys, lungs, gastric mucosa

37
Q

In the wear and tear theory of cell ageing, what is responsible?

A

Free radical damage throughout the cell’s life

38
Q

In intrinsic cell ageing theory, what is responsible for cell ageing?

A

Telomere shortening

FIP (36 decks)

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