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FIP > 12. Neoplastic Effects of Malignancy > Flashcards

12. Neoplastic Effects of Malignancy Flashcards

1
Q

What is dyskaryosis?

A

Dysplasia in a cytological preparation (floating)

Atypical cells but no background architecture

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2
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Atypical cells confined within epidermis or mucosa

Early manifestation of malignancy

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3
Q

What is mild dysplasia defined as?

A

Confined to the lower 1/3 of the epidermis or mucosa

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4
Q

What is severe dysplasia defined as?

A

Involves the full thickness of the epidermis or mucosa

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5
Q

What is a carcinoma in situ?

A

All layers of the epithelium show neoplasia, but BM isn’t broken

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6
Q

How might Fe deficiency anaemia be linked to malignancy?

A

Bleeding in GIT cancers

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7
Q

How might megaloblastic anaemia be linked to malignancy?

A

Cytotoxic drugs interfere with DNA synthesis

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8
Q

How might hypoplastic anaemia be linked to malignancy?

A

Tumour infiltrates bone marrow or chemo/radiotherapy destroy haematopoietic cells

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9
Q

Why is increased clotting associated with malignancy?

A

Tumour activates clotting factors, platelets and endothelial cells
Inhibit fibrinolysis

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10
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

Effects that can’t be explained by the local neoplasm itself or the hormone that tissue would naturally produce

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11
Q

What hormone is commonly made by a small cell carcinoma of the lung?

A

PTH

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12
Q

Give some symptoms of paraneoplastic syndrome?

A 
Peripheral neuropathy
Myopathy
Dermatomyositis
Cerebellar degeneration
Fever
Night sweats
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13
Q

What type of cells are involved in a melanoma?

A

Melanocytes

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14
Q

What mole changes are indicative of a melanoma?

A 
Asymmetry
Border irregular or bleeding
Colour variable
Diameter
Elevation
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15
Q

Apart from the skin, where else can melanomas be found?

A

Anal margin

Eyes

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16
Q

What name is given to how deep the melanoma goes beyond the granular layer of epidermis?

A

Breslow thickness

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17
Q

What does Clarkes level of invasion describe?

A

Assess level into different parts of the dermis

18
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour arising from connective tissue

19
Q

What type of sarcoma can be linked to the herpes virus type 8?

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

20
Q

What can cause an increased risk of sarcomas?

A

Radiotherapy

21
Q

Give an example of a sarcoma caused by a genetic defect

A

Li Fraumeni syndrome

22
Q

How are sarcomas treated?

A

Wide local incision

radio and chemo therapy

23
Q

Which drugs is given to treat a GI stromal tumour?

A

Imatinib

24
Q

How would a neuroendocrine cell appear under the microscope?

A

Small nests of cells
Granular cytoplasm
Neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin)

25
Q

Name 2 benign neuroendocrine tumours

A

Insulinoma

Parathyroid adenoma

26
Q

Name 2 malignant neuroendocrine tumours

A 
Carcinoid tumour
Small cell
Pancreatic islet cell
Parathyroid
Phaeochromocytoma
Medullary carcinoma thyroid
27
Q

What is a carcinoid tumour?

A

Biologically malignant but don’t metastasise so low grade

28
Q

Name 3 places where carcinoid tumours occur

A

Appendix
Ileum
Bronchus

29
Q

What is carcinoid syndrome?

A

Carcinoid tumours can produce serotonin which regulates intestinal movement and bronchospasm
The syndrome develops when the liver can no longer detoxify serotonin

30
Q

What are the symptoms of carcinoid syndrome?

A

Facial flushing
Diarrhoea
Bronchospasm
Pulmonary stenosis

31
Q

How is carcinoid tumour diagnosed?

A

Presence of 5HIAA in urine

breakdown product of serotonin

32
Q

What group of people do multiple endocrine neoplasms occur in?

A

Men

Genetically inherited

33
Q

What is a germ cell tumour?

A

Derived from cells that can split into endo, meso and ecto derm

34
Q

Where can germ cell tumours arise?

A 
Testis (seminoma)
Ovaries (dysgerminoma)
Thymus
Pineal gland
Retroperitoneum
35
Q

Name 4 types of germ cell tumours

A

Teratoma
Choriocarcinoma
Yolk sac tumour
Embryonal

36
Q

Why do seminomas have a good prognosis, despite being malignant?

A

Good host and lymphocyte response

37
Q

What blood marker is present in choriocarcinomas?

A

hCG

38
Q

Is a teratoma benign or malignant in testis?

A

Malignant

Benign in ovary

39
Q

Name 2 types of glial neoplasms

A

Astrocytoma

Oligodendroglioma

40
Q

What is a common complication of glial neoplasms?

A

Brain herniation

41
Q

How do embryonic tumours appear under the microscope?

A

Small
round
blue

42
Q

Name 4 embryonic tumours

A

Neuroblastoma
Nephroblastoma
Retinoblastoma
Medullablastoma

FIP (36 decks)

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