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A+P 8-9 Flashcards

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1
Q

articulation

A

place where two bones come together.

freely movable, limited, or no apparent movement

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2
Q

What are the three ways articulations are named

A

according to bones, parts united
according to only one of bones
by latin equivalent of common name

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3
Q

how are joints classified

A

fiberous, cartilege, synovial.

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4
Q

what are fiberous joints

A

synarthrosis-
have little or no movement
united by fibrous connective tissue
no joint cavity

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5
Q

what are the types of fiberous joints

A

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

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6
Q

what are sutures

A

seams found between bones of the skull

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7
Q

What is the sutural ligament

A

two periostea and connective tissue

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8
Q

what is synostosis

A

fully ossified suture. two bones grow together across a joint to form a single bone

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9
Q

what is syndesmoses

A

slightly movable type of fiberous joint

bones are father apart than in suture joints

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10
Q

joints of mandible and maxillae
specialized
pegs fit into sockets

A

what is gomphoses

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11
Q

peridontal ligaments

A

keep teeth in place- connective tissue bundles between teeth and sockets

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12
Q

cartilegous joints

A

united by hyaline cartilege or fibrocartilege

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13
Q

what are the two types of cartilegoues joints

A

synchondroses

symphyses

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14
Q

what is synchondroses

A

hyaline cartilege
little or no movement
temprary
costochondral joints develop into synovial joints

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15
Q

what is symphyses

A

fibrocartilege

slightly movable

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16
Q

what are the six types of synovial joints

A

plane, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball and socket, ellipsoid.

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17
Q

what is the only change in the symphysis

A

pregnancy- becomes more stretchable
joint can relax some
joint goes back to original condition

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of synovial joints

A

synovial fluid
considerable movement
complex
most joints of the appendicular skeleton.

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19
Q

what is articular cartilege

A

smooth surface- where bones meet

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20
Q

what is the joint cavity

A

encloses articular surfaces

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21
Q

what is joint capsule

A

space around articular surfaces of bones in synovial joint

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22
Q

what is fiberous capsule

A

outer layer of joint capsule

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23
Q

what is synovial membrane

A

membrane lines inside of joint capsule

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24
Q

a prominent area of adipose tisse, lie between fiberous capsule and synovial membrane. cushion around joint.

A

what are fat pads

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25
what are two parts of joint capsule
fiberous capsule | synovial membrane
26
what is bursae
pockets of synovial membrane | provides cushion between structures
27
what is purpose of articular discs
improve stability reduce wear on articular cartilege
28
what are menisci
fibrocartilaginous pads
29
what are tendon sheaths
synovial sacs surrond tendons
30
what is plane joint
two flat bonee surfaces of about equal size between which gliding motion occurs unaxial intervertebral
31
what is saddle joint
consists of two saddle shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angle so complementary surfaces articulate biaxial
32
what is ahinge joint
uniaxial | convex cylinder in one bone, corresponding concavity in the other.
33
what is pivot joints
unaxial. rotation around a single axis cylindrical bony process rotating within a circle of bone and ligament dens of axis and atlas, proximal radioulnar.
34
what is ball joint
multiaxial | wide range of movement
35
what is ellisoid joint
modified balla nd socket articular surfaces are ellipsoid biaxial atlantooccipitial
36
what are the three types of movement3
gliding angular circular
37
what is angular movement
involve change in angle between bones in joint
38
what are the two types of angular movement
flexion/extension | abduction and adduction
39
what are the two types of flexion
hyperextension | plantar and dorsiflexion
40
what is hyperextension
extension of joint beyond anatomical position
41
what is plantar
walking o heals
42
what is flexion
bending movement that decreases angle of joint to bring articulating bones together
43
what is extension
straightening movement increase angle of joint to straighten articulating bones
44
what are three types of circular movement
rotational pronation circumduction
45
what is abduction
take awat from midline
46
what is adduction
bring toward midline
47
what is a rotation
turning of a structure on its long axis
48
what are two types of rotation
medial | lateral
49
what are the ypes of special movement
``` elevation and depression protraction and retraction excursion opposition inversion and eversion ```
50
what is elevation
moves structure superiorly or inferiorly
51
what is protraction
gliding motion moving structure anterioirly or posteriorly
52
what are two types of excursion
lateral | medial
53
what is opposition
thumb and finger are brought together or apart
54
what is inversion
turns ankles toward midline or return to AP
55
what is range of motion
describes the amount of mobility
56
what is active and passive motion influenced by
``` the shape of articular surfaces strength location of ligaments and tendons location of muscles associated with joint fluid or pain in and around joint use of joint ```
57
what is dislocation
occurs when articulating surfaces of bones are moved out of proper alignment
58
what is subluxation
partial dislocation
59
what is glenoid labrum
rim of fibrocartilage around the glenoid cavity.
60
rotator cuff
four muscles add stability to the joint
61
what are the three parts of the knee joint
menisci cruciate ligaments collateral ligaments
62
what is the menisci
fibrocartilage articular disks build up in the margins of the tibia and deepen the articular surface traditionally considered a modified hinge joint but actually a complex ellipsoid joint
63
what is anterior cruciate ligament
prevents anterior displacement of tibia
64
what is posterior cruciate ligament
prevents posterior displacement
65
what is purpose of collateral ligaments
helps strenghen joint
66
what is a sprain
damaged ligaments, inflammation, swelling, pain.
67
what are the effects of aging on the joints
``` tissue repair slows rate of new blood vessels decreases articular cartilege wears down matrix becomes more rigid production of synovial fluid declines ligaments and tendons become shorter less flexiable muslces around joints weaken decreased activity ```
68
what is arthritus
inflammation of any joint
69
what ajre the two kind sof arthritus
osteoarthritis | rheumatoid
70
what is the ankle joint
talocrucal- highly modified hinge joint formed by two articulations
71
what is purpose of the arches of the ankle
hold bones in proper relationshiop as segments of arch and provide ties across arch
72
what is plantar fasciitis
inflammation of plantar fascia.
73
what are the functions of the muscular system
``` body movement maintenence of posture respiration production of body heat communication constriction of organs and vessels heart beat ```
74
what are the properties of muscles
contractility excitability extensibility elasticity
75
contractility
muscle shortens with force or contract
76
excitability
respond to a stimulis
77
extensibility
muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting length and still contract
78
elasticity
recoil to original resting lenght after stretched.
79
what are the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal- voluntary- locamotion, facial expression, posture, respirations smooth- involuntary cardiac- involuntary
80
what are the characteristics of smooth muscle
walls- hollow organs, blood vessels, glands skin. some functions: propel urine, mix food, pupils, regulate blood flow some is autorhythmic control- endocrine and autonomic nervous systems.
81
what are characteristics of cardiac
heart autorhythmic control- endocrine and autonomic nervous systems.
82
what are the connective tissue layers
sarcolemma- surronds muscle cell endomysium- also around muscle cell perimysium- denser CT surronding group of muscle fibers epimysium- CT that surronds whole muscle
83
what is fascia
connective tissue sheet
84
what is endomysium
delicate layer tissue that seperates individual muscle fibers within fasicle
85
what is epimysium
layer of dense irregular connective tissue, protein fibers gradually merge with muscular fascia.
86
what is muscular fascia
layers of connective tissue between adjacent muscles and between muscles and skin.
87
what are the characteristics of fascia
``` forms layer under skin hold muscles together separates them into functional groups allows free movement or muscles carries nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic continuous with tendons and periosteum ```
88
what are motor neurons
stimulate muscle fibers to contract
89
what are axon branches
each muscle fiber is innervated
90
what are myofilaments
threadlike, protein
91
what are sarcomeres
repeating units of myofilaments
92
myoblasts
fusion of several hundred embryonic cells
93
tropomyosin
long protein covers active binding sites on actin
94
troponin
binds to actin, tropomyosin, and Ca++
95
tropomyosin
regulates the interaction of active sites on actin
96
what does striated mean
alternating light and dark bands of muscle fibers
97
what are myosin heads
binds to active sites on actin- forms cross bridges hinge region- bends during contraction breaks down ATP releasing energy.
98
what are sacromeres
highly ordered units, structural and functional units of skelteal muslces
99
what is hypertrophy
enlargement
100
what happens in a sliding filament model
actin and myosin do not change lenght shortening sacromeres leads to skeletal muscle contraction relaxation- sacromeres lenghten by antagonistic muscles.
101
what does the nervous system do
controls muscle contractions with action potenetials
102
what is the membrane volatege difference across membranes
inside some cells more negative. More K+ on the inside | more Na on the outside. Na/K maintians concentrations of ions.
103
what are the two types of ion channels
ligand gated- neurotransmitter attackes to receptor and gate opens, Na moves into cell voltage gated- voltage changed open gates. gates only for Na+ and gates for only K+
104
what are the two action potentials
depolarization- inside plasma membrane becomes less negative | repolarization- return to resting membrane potential
105
what is action potential
if charge reaches the membrane potential
106
what is propagate
spread from one location to another. action potentials does not move aong the membrane.
107
what is frequency of action potentials
number of action potentials per unit of time.
108
what are the muscle contraction factors
the amount of force in individual muscle fiber, amount of force in whole muscle.
109
what happens in a single contraction
each myosin myofilament undergoes cross bridge formation, movement, release in return.
110
what is synapse
axon terminal resting in depression of the arcolemma.
111
what is presynaptic terminal
axon terminal with synaptic vesicles
112
what is synaptic cleft
space betweeen presynaptic terminal and muscle fiber
113
what is postsynaptic membrane or motor end plate
muscle plasma membrane in area of junction
114
what are the sections of the neuromuscular junction
presynaptic synaptic postsynaptic
115
what happens in synaptic vesicles
neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal membrane, diffuses across synaptic cleft it stimulates action potentials in postsynaptic membrane.
116
what is acetylcholinesterase
degrading enzyme in synaptic cleft
117
what is excitation
mechanism where action potentials causes muscle fiber contraction
118
what does excitation involve
sarcolemma transverse tubules terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ tropomyosin complex reestablishes its position and blockes binding sites on actin.
119
what happens if something blockes the receptor site for acetycholine in the neuromuscular junction
myasthenia gravis
120
what are the results of the resting membrane potential
K+ concentration higher than outside membrane Na+ concentration outside is higher than inside more permeable to K+ than Na+
121
what do sodium potassium pumps maintain
uneven distribution of Na+ and K+ across plasma membrane
122
what is power stroke
movement of myosin head
123
what is recovery stroke
breakdown of ATP by myosin head supplies energy
124
what does depolarization in one action potential trigger
opening of nearby voltage gated Na+ single action potential
125
what is action potential frequency
number of action potentials produced in certian amount of time. can affect strenght of muslce contraction.
126
what is amuscle twitch
muscle contraction from stimulus that casues action potential in one or more muscle fibers.
127
what are the phases of muscle twitch
lag contraction relaxation
128
what is the lag phase in muscle twitch
gap between time of simulation to motor neuron and beginning of contraction.
129
what are motor units
a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers innervated by it.
130
what does size of motor units depend on
number of muscle fibers in unit.
131
what is all or noen principle
contraction of equal force to each action potential
132
what is muscle tetany
the frequency potentials increase, the frequency of contraction increases.
133
muscle fibers partially relax between contractions
what is imcomplete tetanus
134
what is complete tetanus
no relaxation between contractions
135
what are the types of muscle contraction
isometric isotonic muslce tone
136
what is isometric
no change in length but tension increases
137
what is isotonic
change in lenght but tension constant
138
what is muscle tone
relatively constant tension y muscles over a long time
139
what is treppe
stimulis frequency must allow muscle fiber to completely relax followed by another immediate stimulation
140
what is fatigue
decreaased capacity to work and reduced efficiency of performance
141
what are the types of fatigue
psychological- depends on emotional state of individual muscular- results from ATP depletion synaptic- occurs in NMJ due to lack of acetycholine
142
what is rigor mortis
rigid muscles several hours after death. CA+ leaks into sarcoplasm and attaches to myosin heads
143
what is creatine phosphate
during resting conditions stores energy to synthesize ATP - 10 seconds
144
what is anaerobic respiration
no oxygen- breakdown of glucose- lasts up to 3 seconds
145
what is aerobic respiration
rewuires oxygen- breakdown of glucose- lasts hours
146
what does a motor unit consist of
single motor neuron and all muscle fibers
147
what is oxygen debt
oxygen taken in by the body, above that required for resting metabolism after excersize.
148
what happens in a slow twitch
contract slowly, smaller in diameter, better blood supply, more mitochondria, more fatigue resitant than fast twith, large amount of myoglobin.
149
where is slow twitch found
postural muscles, more in lower limbs
150
what is fast twitch
rapid response to nervous stimulation, less blood supply, few number of mitochondria
151
where is fast twitch found
lower limbs in sprinter, upper limbs of most poeple.
152
what is hpertrophy
increase in muscle size increase in myofibrils increase in nuclei increase in strenght
153
decrease in muscle size
what is anabolic steriods increase muscle mass skelatal muscle hypertrophies
154
what is side effect of anabolic steriods
irratability, testicular atrophy, Cv disease, liver disease
155
what are characteristics of smooth muscles
not straited, fibers smaller than those in skeltal muscle spindle shaped dense bodies Ca2+ required to initiate contractions. binds to calmodulin. cross bridges occurs
156
what are types of smooth muscles
visceral- cells in sheets function as a unit. numerous gap junctions- waves of contraction autorythmic multiunit- cells groups of cells act independently sheets, bundles
157
what are the electrical properties of smooth muscles
slow waves of depolarization- cell to cell does not follow all or none principle may have pacemaker cells contraction regulated by nervous system and hormones
158
what is depolarization
spontaneous diffusion of Na+ and Ca2+ into cell
159
what is smooth muscle regulation
receptors on plasma membrane respond not certain neurotransmitters or hormones innerverted neurotransmitters hormones
160
what are characteristics of the cardiac muscle
``` only in heart each cell usually one nucleus intercalculated disksa nd gap junctions autorythmic cells action potentials have longer duration and longer refractory period Ca2+ regulates contraction ```
161
what is myopathy
degeneration of muscle cells replaced by connective tissue progressive
162
what does inflammation cause
lactic acid
163
what is fibrositis
reflex contraction of muscle fibers
164
what is effects of aging on skeletal muscle
less muscle mass increased time for muslce to contract in response to nervous stimuli reduced stamina increased recovery time loss of muscle fibers decreased density of cappillaries in muscle
165
what is a joint or articulation
is place wher two bones come together
166
how are joints named
according to the bones or parts of bones involved
167
how are joints classified
structurally according to the type of connective tissue that binds them together and whether fluid is present betwene the bones.
168
what is fiberous joint
bones are connected by fiberous tissue with no joint cavity, and little movement
169
what are sutures
interdigitating bones held together by dense fiberous connective tissue.
170
what are syndesmoses
joints consisting of fiberous ligaments
171
what are gomphoses
joints in which pegs fit into sockets and are hed in place by peridontial ligaments
172
what is synotoses
sutures and other joints can become ossified
173
what are synchondroses
immovable joints in which bones are joined by hyaline cartilege
174
what are symphyses
slightly movable joints made of fibrocartilege
175
what are bursea
extensions of synovial joint cavities that protect skin, tendons, or bone from structures that could rub against them.
176
what is range of motion
the amount of movement, active or passive, tha can occur iat a joint
177
What can range of motion be affected by
several properties of the joint and surrounding tissues
178
what is the temporomandibular joint
complex hinge and gliding jint between the temporal and mandibular bones
179
what is the shoulder joint
balls and socket joint between the head of the humerous and the glenoid cavity of the scapula that permits a wide range of motion
180
what is elbow joint
compound hinge joint between the humerus, the ulna, and the radius.
181
what is the hip joint
ball and socket joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone
182
what is flexion
bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint to bring the articulating bones closer together.
183
what is extensions
straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint to straighten the articulating bones
184
what is dorsiflexion
movement of the foot toward the shin
185
what is abduction
movement away from midline
186
what is adduction
movement towrad the midline
187
what is elevation
structure moves superiorly
188
what is depression
structure moves anteriorly
189
what is protraction
gliding motion that moves a structure in a anterior direction
190
what is retraction
gliding motion that moves a structure in a posterior direction.
191
what is lateral excursion
moving the mandible to either the right or left of the midline
192
what is medial excursion
returns the mandible to the midline position
193
what is opposition
movement of the thumb to touch the pinky
194
what are muscles responsible for
maintenance of posture, respiration, production of body heat, communication, contriction of organs and vessels, heartbeat.
195
what are the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
196
What is skeletal muscle responsible for
most body movements, smooth muscle found in walls of hollow oragans and tubes and moves substances through them, cardiac muscle is in the heart and pumps blood
197
what are the general properties of muscle tissue
contractility (shortens forcefully), excitability (respond to stimuli), extensibility (stretched and still contract), elasticity (recoilds to resting)
198
what is perimysium
covers connective tissue
199
what is epimysium
entire muscle surronded by connective tissue layer
200
what is a muscle fiber
a single cell consisting of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, several nuclei, and myofibrils.
201
what are myofibrils
composed of two major protein fibers. actin and myosin.
202
what are actin fibrils
consist of a double helix of f actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.
203
what are myosin molecules
consist of two globular heads and a rodlike portion, constitute myosin myofilaments
204
when does a cross bridge form
when the myosin binds to the actin
205
what are sacromeres
actin and myosin
206
what surronds a myosin myofilament
six actin myofilaments
207
why do myofibrils appear straited
becuase of a bands and i bands.
208
what does it means when a plasma membrane is polarized
there is a charge difference, called the resting membrane potential, exist across the PM
209
why does the psma membrane become polarized
the tendency for K+ to diffuse out of the cell is resisted by the negative charges of ions and molecules inside the cell.
210
what are ion channels responsible for
membrane permeability and the resting membrane potential
211
what are two types of membrane potentials
ligand gated and voltage gated
212
what are ion channels responsible for
producing action potentials.
213
what is the resting membrane potential
the charge difference across the PM of cells
214
what is depolarization
results from an increase in the permeability of the PM to NA+
215
when is a all or none action potential produced
if depolarization reaches threshold
216
when does the depolarization phase result
many Na+ channels open in an all or none fashion.
217
when does repolarization phase occur
when the Na+ channels close and the K+ channels open breifly
218
what does a synaptic cleft seperate
the presynaptic terminal of the axon from the motor end plate of the muscle fiber.
219
what happens when acetylcholine is released fro the presynaptic terminal and binds to receptors of the motor end plate
changes membrane permeability and producing an action potential.
220
when does contraction occur
mysoin heads bind to active sites on actin, myosin changes shape, and actin is pulled past the myosin.
221
when does relaxation occur
when calcium is taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum, ATP binds to myosin, and tropomyison moves back so that active sites on actin are no longer exposed to myosin.
222
what is ATP required for
the cycle of cross bridge ofrmation, movement, and release, transport Ca2+ into sarcoplasmic reticulum, maintain normal concentration gradients
223
what is a muscle twitch
the contraction of a single muscle fiber r a whole muscle in response to a stimulus.
224
what are the parts of a muscle twitch
lag, concentration, relaxation
225
what is a motor unit
one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.
226
when does a muscle contract with less than maximum force
if its inital lenght is shorter or longer than optimum
227
what are isometric contraction
cause a change in muscle tension but no change in muscle lenght
228
what are isotonic contractions
cause a change in muscle lenght but no change in muscle tension.
229
what is treppe
an increase in the force of contraction during the first few contractions of a rested muscle
230
what is incomplete tetanus
partial relaxation between contractions, complete tetanus is no relaxtion between contractions.
231
what do concentric contractions cause
muscle s to shorten and tension to increase
232
what do eccentric condition cause
muscle lenghten and tension to decrease gradually
233
what is muscle tone
the maintenance of steady tension for long periods
234
what are asynchronous contractions
motor units produce smooth, steady muscle contractions
235
what are slow twitch muscle fibers
break down ATP slowly and have a well developed blood supply, many mitochondria, and myoglobin.
236
what do type 2a muscle fibers have
well developed blood supply, more mitochondria, and more myoglobin.
237
what do type 2b muscle fibers have
large amounts of glycogen, a poor blood supply, fewer mitochondria, and little myoglobin.
238
what muslce fibers does anaerobic exercise develop
type 2b
239
what muslce fibers does aerobic exercise produce
type 1 and changed type 2b into type 2a fast twitch
240
where does energy for muscle contraction come from
ATP
241
what is fatigue
the decreased ability to do work, can be caused by the central nervous system, depletion of ATP in muscles, or depletion of acetylcholine in neuromuscular junction.
242
what is shape of smooth muscles
spindle shaped
243
What do smooth muscles contain
actin myofilaments and myosin myofilament but are not straited.
244
what are the two types smooth muscle
visceral and multiunit
245
what are visceral smooth muscle fibers
contract slowly, have gap junctions and can be autorythmic
246
what are multi unit smooth muscle fibers
contract rapidly in response to stimulation by neurons and function independently
247
what do spontaneous contractions result from
Na_ and Ca2+ leakage into cells.
248
what do smooth muscle contract autorythmically in response to
stretch or when stimulated by the autonomic nervous system or hormones
249
what is important in regulating smooth muscle
hormones
250
what are components of cardiac muscle
muscle fibers are straited, have a single nucleus, are connected by intercalculated disks and are capable of autorythmicacy.

A+P (8 decks)

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