chp 5 book Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
What are the three things tissues are classified on?
A
structure of cells composition of extracellular matrix function of cells
2
Q
What are the major tissue types
A
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
3
Q
What are the characteristics of epithelium
A
mostly cells and not much matrix covers body surfaces and forms glands free lateral and basal surface basement membrane avascular capable of regeneration
4
Q
What is the basement membrane
A
extracellular material formed by secretions from epithelial and connective tissue cells
5
Q
What is the purpose of basement membrane
A
attach epithelial cells to underlying tissues
guide cell migration for cell repair
filter
6
Q
What is the function of epithelial tissues
A
barrier, diffusion, filtration, secretion, absorption, protection.
7
Q
What do microvilli do?
A
increase surface area for absorption or secretion.
8
Q
What is purpose of cilia
A
move materials across cell surface.
9
Q
what does pseudostratified mean?
A
appears to be stratified, but all cells attached to basement membrane.
10
Q
Where are simple squamous epithelium found?
A
lining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, alveoli of lungs
11
Q
Where are simple cuboidal epithelium found?
A
some with microvilli in kidney tubules and some line terminal bronchoiles of lungs
12
Q
Where are simple columnar epithelium found
A
GI tract, microvilli, lungs, cilia.
13
Q
Where are stratified squamos epithelium found
A
mouth, throat, esophagus.
14
Q
Where is stratifued cuboidal epithelium found
A
sweat gland ducts
15
Q
Where is stratified columnar epithelium found
A
mamary gland duct, larynx, urethra
16
Q
where is pseudostratified columnar found
A
nasal sinuses, bronchi of lungs, mucus
17
Q
Where are transitional epithelium found
A
urinary bladder, ureters.
18
Q
What are the functions of cell connections
A
bind cells together.
holds cells together and forms permeable layer
intercellular communication
19
Q
What are two types of glands
A
endocrine- no ducts
exocrine - ducts
20
Q
What are the four ways glands are classified by structure.
A
simple
compound
tubular
acinar
21
Q
acinar
A
saclike structures
22
Q
What are the three types of glands by method of secretion
A
merocrine
apocrine
holocrine
23
Q
What is merocrine
A
secretion with no loss of cellular material
24
Q
What is apocrine
A
fragments in secretions. cell pinches off
25
What is holocrine
whole cell is part of secretion.
26
What are the functions of connective tissue
```
enclose organs
connect tissues
support and movement
storage
insulation
transport
protect
```
27
Wat do blasts do?
create matrix
28
What do cytes do?
maintain matrix
29
What do clasts do?
break down from remodeling
30
What are types of connective tissue
```
adipose tissue
mast cells
white blood cells
maceophages
mesenchyme
```
31
what are two types of macrophages
wandering
| fixed
32
What are 3 major components of extracellular matrix
protein fibers
ground substance
fluids
33
What are the three types of protein fibers
collagen
reticular
elastic
34
what do reticular fibers do
form branching network. fill spaces between tissues and organs.
35
what makes up extracellular matrix
protein fibers
ground substance
fliud
36
what is function of loose connective tissue
attaches skin to underlying cells
37
what are two types of adipose tissues
yellow
| brown
38
what is purpose of reticular tissue
provide super structure for lymphatic and hemopoetic tissues
39
what are characteristics of cartilage
firmest structure in body except bone
avascular
perichondrium
chondrocytes
40
What is perichondrium
dense irregular connective tissues that surronds nearly all cartilage
41
Chondrocytes
cartilage cells surronded by matrix and located in spaces called lacunea.
42
what are three types of cartilage
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic
43
where is hyaline cartilage found
rib cage, trachea, bronchi
44
what is purpose of hyaline cartilage
growth in lenght of bones
45
wher eif fibrocartilage found
areas of pressure on joints
46
where is elastic cartilage found
ears
47
what are two types of bone
cancelous
| compact
48
where is cancelous bone found
skull, vertebrea, sternum, ends of long bones
49
what is compact bone
concentric layers around a central canal
50
what does hemopoetic tissue do?
form blood cells.
51
what are types of bone marrow
red
| yellow
52
what are characteristics of muscle tissue
contracts or shortens with force
| moves the body, pumps blood
53
what are three types of muscle tissue
skeltal
cardiac
smooth
54
what do neurons do
produce actin potentials
55
what are three parts of nerves tissue
cell body
axons
dendrite
56
what is axons function
cell process conducts impulses away from cell body
57
what is dendrites function
cell process receive impulses from other nuerons
58
what are three types of nervous tissue
multipolar, bipolar,pseudo-unipolar
59
what is purpose of neuroglia
suport cells of brain, spinal cord and nerves
| nourish, protect and insulate neurons
60
what are purpose of mucous membranes
line cavities that open to outside
| secrete mucus
61
what is purpose of serous membranes
line cavities not open to outside
| release serous fluid that protects internal organs from friction.
62
what is purpose of synovial membrane
lines movable joints
| produces fuild rich in hyaluronic acid.
63
what is major functions of integumentary system
protection- reduce harmful ultraviolet light
sensation- detect cold, pressure, pain
temperature regulation- modulation of blood flows through skin
vitamin D production- important regulator of calcuim hometostasis
excretion- small amount excreted through skin and glands
64
Wat is skin made of
epidermis and dermis
65
What is the epidermis
superficial layer of skin, consisting of stratified squamous tissue
66
What is purpose of epidermis
protect agaisnt abrasion
| reduce water loss
67
What is dermis
layer of connective tissue
68
what is purpose of dermis
responsible for skin strenght
69
what is subcutaneous tissue
layer of loose connective tissue
70
what is purpose of subcutaneous tissue
connect skin to bone of muscle
71
what is purpose of stratum corneum
provide strenght due to heratin within cells. prevent water loss due to lipids
72
What is purpose of stratum lucidum
disperses keratohyalin around keratin fibers.
73
what is purpose of stratum granulosome
lamellar bodies release lipids from cells.
74
What is purpose of stratum spinosum
produce keratin fibers
75
what is purpose of stratum basale
produces cells of most superficial strata. produce melanocytes
76
what is dermis
connective tisue composed of two layers
77
What is purpose of dermis
responsible for flexiability of skin, exchanges gases, nutrients, waste products.
78
what is papillary layer
ppillae project toward epidermis, loose connective tissue.
79
What is purpose of papillary layer
brings blood vessels close to epidermis. form fingerprints and footprints.
80
what is characteristics of reticular layer
mat of collagen and elastic fibers
main fiberous layer of dermis
strong in many directions
81
what is keratinocytes
gives epidermis ability to resist abrasion and reduce water loss.
82
What is melanocytes
produce pigment melanin
83
what is langerhan cells
part of immune system
84
what is merkel cells
specialized epidermal cells associated with nerve ending resonsible for detecting light touch and superficial pressure.
85
what is keratinization
keratinocytes move from deeper ayers to surface, cells change shape.
dead cels produce outer layer of hard cells that resist abrasion and form permeable layer.
86
what are birthmarks
congential disorders of dermal capillaries
87
what are ringworms
fungal infection producing patchy scaling and inflammatory response
88
what is eczema
inflammatory condition of skin by allergy, infection and environemntal factors.
89
what is psoriasis
chronic skin disease characterized by thicker than normal layer.
90
what is vitiligo
development of patches of white skin where melanocytes are destroyed
91
what is impetigo
small blisters contianing pus
92
what is erysiprlsd
swollen patches in skin caused by bacterium
93
what are decubitus ulcers
compression of tissue and reduced circulation result in destruction of skin, forming ulcers.
94
what are rubeola
skin lesions. caused by virus contracted through respitory tract
95
what is rubella
mild viral disease contracted through respitory tract
96
what are the regions of epidermis
basale, spinosum, granulosom, lucidum, corneum.
97
what is stratum basale
single layer of cubidol or columnar cells. epidermis anchored to base membrane by hemidesmosomes
98
what is stratum spinosum
8-10 layers of many sides cells.
99
what is stratum granulosum
2-5 layers of flattened, diamond shaped cells. long axes of cells oriented parralel to surface of skin.
100
What is stratum lucidum
thin, clear zone. consists of several layers of dead keratinized with indistinct boundaries.
101
what is stratum corneum
25 or more layers of dead, overlaping squamous cells joined by desmosomes.
102
What are cornified cells
hard protein envelope, filled with protein keratin. responsible for structural strenght.
103
where is thick skin found
areas subject to pressure or friction, such as hands, soles of feet and fingertips
104
what are the factors determining skin color
pigments in skin, blood circulationg, thickness of corneum.
105
what is melanin
group of pigments responsible from skin, hair and eyecolor.
106
what are three types fo skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma
107
what happens with basal cell carcinoma
open sores that bleed, reddish patches, pearly bumps, scarlike skin.
108
what happens with squamous cell carcinoma
wartlike growth. elevated growth with central depression skin.
109
what happens with melanoma
most deadly, developing in persisting moles
110
whats albinism
recessive genetic trait that results from inability to produce tyrosinase. defeciency of pigment in skin, hair, or eyes.
111
What erythema
condition in which skin turns reddish when amount of blood flowing through skin increases.
112
whats carotene
yellow pigment found in plants.
113
what components of nerve endings
free nerve endings for pain
hair follicle receptor for light touch
pacinin corpusles for deep pressure
ruffini end organs for sensing continous touch or pressure.
114
what are two layers of dermis
superficial
| reticular
115
what is papillary tissue
connective tissue with thin fibers loosely arranged. contains blood vessels
116
what is subcutanous tissues made up of
loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.
117
what are types of subcutaneous tissue
fibroblasts, adipocytes, macophage.s
118
what are the three types of injections
intradermal- drawing skin taunt and inserting small needle at shallow angle
subcotaneous- oinching skin to form tent and inserting needle
intramuscular- long needles at 90 degrees
119
unpigmented hair covering fetus.
lanugo
120
what are vellus hairs
short, fine, unpigmented, replace lunago hairs.
121
what is medulla
central axis of hair, 2-3 layers of cells containing keratin.
122
what is cortex
surronds medulla and forms bulk of hair
123
what is cuticle
single layer cells containing keratin.
124
hair follicle
tubelike invagination of epidermis extends into dermis.
125
what happens during growth stage
hair lenght increases , differeientiat, keratinize, die
126
what happens in resting stage
new hair forms to replace old hairs.
127
What is alopecia areata
spot baldness, affect all areas of body.
128
what is hair color a result of
melanin production
129
what is arrector pilli
smooth mucsle cells, extend from dermal root sheath to papillary layer of dermis.
130
what are the major glands
sebacceous and sweat glands
131
what is sebum
oily, white substance rich in lipids
132
dddwhat are eccrine sweat galnds
simple, coiled, tubular glands that open directly onto surface of skin through sweat pores
133
whaere are apocrine glands found
axillea and genitelia and annus
134
ear canal
where are ceruminous glands found
135
earwax
what is cerumen
136
thin plate consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells that contain very hard keritin.
what is a nail
137
thickened region of stratuem corneum
hyponychium
138
lunula
whitish , cresent shapedarea at base of the nail. grows and doesnt have a resting phase.
139
what does contraction in arrector pilli cause
hair to stand on end
140
what is vitamin d important for
regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
141
what is the primary role of vitamin d
stimulate uptake of calcuim and phosphate from small intestine.
142
what are some sources of vitamin d
liver, egg yolks, dairy products.
143
what is calcitroil
hormone, that travels through blood, regulating calcium homeostasis.
144
what are two factors leading to increases metabolism
restting of temp control center in brain to higher temp.
| hormones released by endocrine system increasing cell metabolism.
145
what is debridgement
removal of dead tissue from burn, prevent infection by cleaning the wound and removing tissue in which infection can develop.
146
what is first degree burn
results in redness, pain and swelling. involves epidermis
147
what is second degree burn
dermis layer. redness, pain, swelling, 2 week healing and scarring
148
what is third degree burn
painless because sensory receptors destroyed.
| tan brown black, regenerate only from the edges.
149
why is skin easily damaged with age
epidermis thins and collagen decreases.
150
what causes skin to sag
decrease in elastic fibers and loss of adipose tissue
151
What is retin A
treats fine wrinkles on face.
