A+P lecture notes 1-3 Flashcards
(194 cards)
1
Q
anatomy
A
scientific discipline that investigates the bodys structure
2
Q
physiology
A
scientific investigation of the processes or function of living things.
3
Q
what are the types of anatomy
A
gross
- regional
- systemic
- surface
microscopic
cytology
histology
4
Q
regional
A
studied area by area
5
Q
systemic
A
studied system by system
6
Q
surface
A
external form and relation to deeper structures as xray in anatomic imaging
7
Q
cytology
A
study of cell anatomy
8
Q
histology
A
study of tissues
9
Q
What are the types of Physiology
A
cell
neurophysiology
cardiovascular
10
Q
What are the two subjects that encompass both anatomy and physiology
A
pathology
exercise physiology
11
Q
pathology
A
structural and functiona changes caused by disease
12
Q
exercise physiology
A
changes in structure and function caused by exercise.
13
Q
What are the structural and functional organizations
A
chemical
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
14
Q
chemical level of organization
A
interaction of atoms/molecules
15
Q
cell level of organization
A
functional unit of life
16
Q
tissue level of organization
A
group of similar cells and surronding materials
17
Q
organ level of organization
A
one or more tissues functioning together
18
Q
organ system level
A
group of organs functioning together
19
Q
organization
A
condition in which there are specific relationships and functions
20
Q
metabolism
A
all chemical reactions of the body
21
Q
responsiveness
A
ability to sense changes and adjust
22
Q
growth
A
increase in size and or number of cells
23
Q
What are the 6 characteristics of an organism
A
organization
metabolism
responsiveness
growth
development
morphogenesis
reproduction
24
Q
development
A
changes in an organism over time
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differentiation
change from general to specific
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morphogenesis
change in shape of tissues, organs
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reproduction
new cells or new organisms
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Homeostasis
the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
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set point
the ideal normal value of a variable
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What are the two types of feedback systems
negative and positive
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receptor
monitors the value of some variable
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control center
establishes the set point
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effector
can change the value of the variable
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What is negetive feedback
any deviation from the set point is made smaller
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What is positive feedback
when a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater.
36
anatomical position
body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward
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supine
lying face up
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prone
lying face down
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superior
toward the head vs inferior (away from the head)
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proxmal vs distil
used to describe linear structures
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superficial vs deep
relative to the surface of the body
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What are the 4 body plans
median and sagittal
frontal or coronal
transverse
oblique
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frontal or coronal
divides body into anterior and posterior sections
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transverse/cross
divides body into superior and inferior sections
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oblique
other than a right angle
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What are the planes of section through an organ
longitudinal
cross/transverse
oblique
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What are the three serous membranes
pericardium- heart
pleura- lungs
peritoneum- abdominopelvic cavity
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radiography
shawdowy negtive of internal body structures
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ultrasound
computer analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure
50
computed tomography
computed analyzed composite of radiograph- shows slices of body
51
digital subtraction angiography
comparision of radiographs with and without dye
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magnetic resonance imaging
uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignments of protons in soft tissues
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positrom emission tomography
uses radioactively glucose -calculates metabolic activity of cells.
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element
the simplest type of matter having unique chemical properties
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What is a element
atoms of one kind
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atom
the smallest particle of an element that has chemical characteristics of the element.
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atoms
composed of subatomic particles
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neutrons
no charge
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protons
one positive charge
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electrons
one negative charge
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nucleus
formed by protons and neutrons
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What are the two types of chemical bonding?
ionic, covalent
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ionic bonding
atoms exchange electrons
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covalent bonding
two or more atoms share electron pairs
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ion
an atom loses or gains electrons and becomes charged
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cation
positive charged ion
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anion
negatively charged atom
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molecules
two or more atoms chemically combine. same or different atoms
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electrolytes
solutions from dissociation of cations and anions in water.
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nonelectrolytes
solutions made by molecules that dissolve in water.
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energy
the capacity to do work
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potential energy
energy stored in chemical bonds. energy that could do work if it were released
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What does breaking chemical bonds release?
energy
74
catalysts
substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted.
75
enzymes
a protein catalyst that increase the rate of chemical reactions
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inorganic chemistry
substances that do not contain carbon.
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solution
mixture of liquids, gases, or solids that are uniformly distributed and chemically combined
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solvent
that which dissolves the solute
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solute
that which dissolves in the solvent
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acid
a proton donor
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base
a proton acceptor
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acidic
below pH 7. as acidity increases, the concentration of hydrogen ions increases.
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oxygen
required in the final step to extract energy from food
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carbon dioxide
produced during breakdown of organic compounds.
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organic chemistry
study of carbon containing substances
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four major groups needed for living things
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
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carbohydrates
composed of C, H, O.
energy sources and structure
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lipids
mostly C,H,O
relatively insoluble in water
protection, insulation, physiological regulation, component of cell membranes
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proteins
C,H,O, nitrogen
regulate processes, aid transport, protection, muscle contraction
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nucleic acid
C,H,O, nitrogen, phosphorus
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disaccharides
two simple sugars bound together
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polysaccharides
storage molecules
many monosaccharides
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triglycerides
composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
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phospholipids
polar one end. nonpolar at other.
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steroids
carbon atoms arranged in four rings
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amino acids
building blocks of proteins
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protein structure
a chain of different amino acids
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nucleotides
composed of a five carbon sugar, nitrogen, and phosphate.
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DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid
genetic material of cells copied from one generation to next.
composed of two strands of nucleotides
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RNA: ribonucleic acid
similar to a single stand of DNA
responsible for interpreting the code within DNA into proteins.
101
ATP
energy currency of the body
provides energy for chemical reactions and drive cell processes or muscle contraction
all energy requiring chemical reactiosn stop when there is inadaquate ATP
102
What is the basic structure of the cell
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
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What is the functions of the cell
1. cell metabolism and energy use
2. synthesis of molecules
3, communication
4. reproduction and inheritance.
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What does the plasma membrane do?
separates inter-cellular from extracellular.
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glycolipids
carbohydrates + lipids
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glycoproteins
carbohydrates+ proteins
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membrane lipids
phospholipids and cholesterol
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cholesterol
more cholesterol= a less fluid membrane
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membrane proteins
1. intergral or intrinsic (extend deeply into membrane, usually from one side to other. )
2. peripheral or extrinsic (extrinsic proteins are attached to either the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer.)
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marker molecules
cells identify each other
immunity
intercellular communication
recognition of oocyte by sperm cell.
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what makes up glycolipids
carbohydrates +lipids
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what makes up glycoproteins
carbohydrates + proteins
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What are the two types attachment proteins
cadherins- cells to cells
integrins- integral proteins that attach to extracellular molecule
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What are the three transport proteins
channel
carrier
ATP powered pumps
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Channel Proteins
nongated ion channels - always open
gated ion channels- open/closed by stimuli
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non gated ion channels
plasma membrane permeable to a few ions when the plasma membrane is at rest
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ligand gated ion channel
opes in response to a small molecule binding to proteins or glycoproteins
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voltage gated ion channel
opens or closes in response to a change in charge across plasma membrane.
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carrier proteins
integral proteins - move ions from one side of membrane to other.
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What are the three forms of carrier proteins
one specific ion or molecule across the plasma membrane
symporters- move two different ions or molecules in same direction across the plasma
antiporters- move two different ions or molecules in opposite directions across plasma
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What are the two forms of channel proteins
nongated ion channels
gated ion channels
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What are the two parts of ATP powered transport
requires ATP
rate of transport depends on concentration ATP
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enzymes
some act to catalyze reactiosn at outer/inner surface of plasma membrane
124
receptor proteins
can act as an intercellural communication system
chemical signals attach only to cells with a specific receptor.
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what are the four kinds of movement trough plasma membrane
diffusion
osmosis
filtration
mediated transport
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what are the types of mediated transport
facilitated diffusion
active
secondary active
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What is diffusion
movement of solutes in solution
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concentration
difference between two points
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viscosity
how easily a liquid flows
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temp
affects movement of particles
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osmosis
diffusion of water across a selective permeable membrane. water moves from area of low concentration of solute area of high concentration of solute.
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osmotic pressure
force required to prevent water from moving across a membrane by osmosis.
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comparative terms that describe osmotic pressure
isosmotic
hyperesmotic
hyposmotic
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isosmotic
solutions with same concentration of solute particles
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hyperosmotic
solution with a greater concentration of solute
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hyposmotic
solution with a lesser concentration of solute
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isotonic solution
cell neither shrinks nor swells
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hypertonic
cell shrinks
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hypotonic
cell swells
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filtration
strainer
depends on pressure on either side
moes from sde of greater pressure to lower
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many essential molecules like amino acids and glucose cannot enter the cell by diffusion.
/////////
142
characteristics of mediated transport
specificity- a single type of molecule
competition- among molecules of similar shape
saturation- rate of transport limited by number of carrier proteins
143
facilitated diffusion
by a carrier or channel protein
moves large water soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules across a membrane.
144
Active transport
requires ATP
rate depends on number of ATP powered pumps and the availibilty of adequate ATP
145
symport
if two different ions or molecules move in the same direction
146
antiport
if two different ions or molecules move in opposite direction.
147
secondary active transport
ions or molecules move in same or different direction.
148
endocytosis
the uptake of material through the plasma membrane by the formation of a vesicle
149
types of endocytosis
phagocytosis- cell eating
pinocytosis- cell drinking
receptor mediated- eating and drinking
150
pinocytosis
small vesicles form with dissolved molecules inside liquids rather than particles
151
exocytosis
secretions expelled from cell
152
cytoplasm
cellular material outside nucleus but inside plasma membrane
153
What are the 4 parts of the cytoplasm
cytosol
cytoskeleton
cytoplasmic inclusions
organelles
154
cytosol (colloid)
fluid portion of the cytoplasm
155
colloid
viscous solution containing dissolved ions and molecules and suspended molecules
156
what are the functions of the cytoskeleton
supports the cell
holds necleus and organelles in place
responsible for movement of cell orgenelles
157
three parts of the cytoskeleton
microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments
158
microtubules
internal scaffold, role in transport inside cell, cell division.
159
intermediate filaments
provides mechanical strength to the cell
160
microfilaments
structure, support fro microvilli, defines shape of cell
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cytoplasmic inclusions
aggregates of chemicals that are produced or taken in by the cell
162
organelles
small specilized structures. most have membranes which seperate the interior of organelles from the cytoplasm
163
chromosome
DNA + proteins. regulate DNA function
164
chromatids
chromatin condenses into pairs
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centromere
joins each pair of chromatids
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what are the types of ribosomes
free floating
attached
167
What are the types of endoplasmic reticulum
rough- attached ribosomes
smooth- no attached ribosomes
168
cisternae
interior spaces isolated from rest of cytoplasm
169
gogli apparatus
modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids produced by the RER and SER for secretion or internal use.
170
peroxisomes
contain enzymes to break down fatty acids and amino acids
hydrogen peroxide is by product of breakdown
catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
cells active in detoxification
171
mitochondria
power house of the cell- provides energy for the cell
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what are the membranes of mitochondria
cristae
matrix
173
when does mitochondria increase
when cell energy requirements increase
174
what are mitochondrial diseases result from?
mutations on the mitochondrial genes
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centrosome
specialized zone of cytoplasm near the nuceus that is responsible for microtubule formation
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what is centrosomes function
scaffold to cytoplasm
involved in determining cell shape and movement
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cilia
appendages projecting from cell surfaces
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cilia purpose
moves material over cell structure
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flagella
similar to cilia but longer
one per cell
move cell itself
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microvilli
extension of plasma membrane
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gene
functional unit of heredity
gene responsible for the transmission of the genetic traits from parents to offspring
segment of DNA molecule that specifies the structure of a protein or RNA molecule
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Types of genes
structural- template for mRNA
regulatory- control which structural genes are transcribed in a given tissue
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transcription
DNA is used to form mRNA
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translation
synthesis of a protein at the ribosomes using mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
185
what does the rate of protein synthesis vary upon
chemical signals
186
interphase
phase between cell division
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mitosis
mother cell with two daughter cells
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cytokinesis
the division of the cell's cytoplasm
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What are the steps of replication of DNA
dna strands seperate
old strands become templates
DNA ploymerase adds new nucleotides to end of growing strands
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what are the steps of mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
191
cytokinesis
cytoplasmic division
192
metaphase
chromosomes are aligned at the center of the cell
193
anaphase
spindle fibers seperate the chromatids
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telophase
chromosomes decondense
