Chp 17-18 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
what are autocrine chemical messengers
A
released by cell- a local effect on same cell.
2
Q
what are paracrine chemical messengers
A
act locally on nearby cells- released by one cell type into extracellular fluid - surrounds other cell types.
3
Q
what are neurotransmitters
A
secreted by neurons- secreted by presynaptic nerve terminals. influences postsynaptic cells like other neurons, muscle cells, or glandular cells
4
Q
what are endocrine chemical messengers
A
released by certian cells and endocrine glands –> bloodstream.
5
Q
what are the classes of chemical messengers
A
autocrine
paracrine
neurotransmitters
endocrine
6
Q
autocrine
A
secreted by cells in a local area. influences the activity of the same cell from which it was secreted.
7
Q
paracrine
A
produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid. has a localized effect on other tissues
8
Q
neurotransmitter
A
produced by neurons. secreted into a synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals. travels short distance. influences postsynaptic cells
9
Q
endocrine
A
secreted into the blood by specialized cells. travels some distance to target tissues. results in coordinated regulation of cell function
10
Q
what is purpose of glands
A
secrete chemical signals into circulation
11
Q
what does hormone act on
A
target tissues
12
Q
what are characteristics of endocrine system
A
glands
hormone
regulate activities of body
ligands
13
Q
what are some hormone characteristics
A
released in small quantities
transported some distance in the blood
they act on target tissues
14
Q
what are some similarities between nervous and endocrine systems
A
both systems associated with hypothalamus
the same molecule may be used as a neurotransmitter by the NS or a hormone in the ES
two systems cooperate
nervous system secretes neurohormones into circulatory system
some parts of endocrine system innervated directly by nervous system
15
Q
what is a neurohormone
A
oxytocin
16
Q
what are some differences between the nervous and endocrine systems
A
mode of transport
speed of response
duration of response
17
Q
what is the speed of response in the nervous
A
miliseconds
18
Q
what is speed of response in endocrine
A
delayed seconds
19
Q
what is duration of response in nervousq
A
milliseconds
20
Q
what is duration of response in endocrine
A
minutes
21
Q
what is amplitude vs frequency
A
strength of concentration vs frequency of AP
22
Q
what are general characteristic of hormones
A
stability
communication
distribution
23
Q
what is a halflife
A
time for half of the dose to be eliminated
24
Q
what is a long half life
A
few days to a few weeks. usually lipid soluble
released at constant rate through time
25
what is short half life
water soluble hormones. rapid onset and short duration
26
what is communication in hormones
interaction with target cell to get a specific response.
27
what is distribution in hormones
hormones dissovle in blood plasma
| distributed quickly
28
what are some water soluble hormones
protiens
peptides
amino acid derivatives
29
what are some patterns of hormone secretion
chronic
acute
episodic
30
what is chronic hormone secretion
maintence of relativiely constant concentration of hormone.
31
what is acute hormone secretion
epinephrine in stress
32
what is episodic hormone secretion
hormone regulation. female reproductive hormones
33
what are most hormones controlled by
negative feedback
34
what are 3 types of stimuli that regulate hormone release
humoral
neural
hormonal
35
what are some examples of autocrine
eicosanoids
prostaglandins
thromboxanes
36
what are some examples of paracrine
somatostatin, histamine, eicosanoids
37
What are some examples of neurotranmitters
acetylcholine, epinephrine
38
what are some examples of endocrine
thyroid hormines, growth hormone, insulin, epinephrine, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, prostaglandins.
39
what are some examples of lipid soluble hormones
steroids
amino acid derivative
fatty acid derivatives
40
What is the structure of steriods
testosterone, aldosterone
41
what is the structure of amino acid derivative
tyroid hormone
42
what is structure of fatty acid derivaties
prostaglandins
43
what are some examples of protiens
tyroid stimulating hormone, growth hormone
44
what are examples of peptides
insulin, thyrotropin releasing hormone
45
what is example of amino acid derivative
epinephrine
46
what is humoral stimuli
blood borne molecules that stimulates release of a hormone in response to the molecules concentration level in the blood.
47
what is neural stimuli
AP, neurons release a neurotranmitter into the synapse with the cells that produce the hormone.
48
what is hormonal stimuli
one endocrine gland hormone stimulates the secretion of another endocrine gland.
49
what is a neural stimuli in response to
exercise
50
what is the part of molecule where hormone binds
binding site or receptor site.
51
what can thyroid hormones not bind to
insulin receptors
52
what does changing the number of receptors ensure
an optimal target tissue response.
53
what are the two ways down regulation occurs
when the rate at which receptors are synthsized decreases in some cells after the cells are exposed to a hormone.
the combination of hormones and receptors can increase the rate at which receptor molecules are degraded.
54
how does the receptor number increase
increase in synthesis of receptors. thus increased sensitivty to the hormone
55
what is an example of up regulation
FSH stmulates an increase in receptor synthesis of LH receptors in ovary cells. Which ncreases ovary cell sensitivity to LH.
56
which is not a class of hormone receptor
plasma binding protein
57
what are two types of hormone receptors
membrane bound receptors
| nuclear receptors
58
what do lipid soluble hormones bind to
nuclear receptors
59
what happens with nuclear receptors
lipid soluble pass through plasma membrane
| react either with enzymes in the cytoplasm or with DNA regulates transciptions of genes in the target tissue.
60
what are examples of nuclear receptors
thyroid hormones, steroid hormones, testosterone, estrogen,
61
membrane receptors
integral proteins with receptor site at cell surface- hormones cant pass through membrane.
62
what happens with membrane bound receptors
water soluble,
large molecular weight
a few smaller molecules
63
what are hormone examples of lipid soluble
```
steroid hormones
testosterone
estrogen
progesterone
aldosterone
cortisol
thyroid hormone
vitamin D
```
64
what are some hormone examples of water soluble
```
luteinizing hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
glucagon
oxytocin
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
epinephrine
insulin
growth hormone
prolactin
```
65
where are receptor proteins found
in cytoplasm or nucleus
66
receptor hormone complex binds to hormone response element on the DNA transcription of mRNA in the nucleus takes place followed by translation in the cytoplasm at the ribosome.
..
67
what is the latent period
need time to produce mRNA protein.
68
how long does it take for target cells to produce a new protein
several hours.
69
what are hormones that bind to membrane bound receptors
proteins, peptides, and some amino acid derivaties like epinephrine, and noropinephrine.
70
what are two results when hormone binds to receptor protein
alter the activity of g proteins- that causes the production of the intracellular mediator
alter the activity of th intracellular enzymes.
71
which is not a class of hormone receptor
plasma binding protein
72
what can activated alpha subunits of the g protein alter
the activity of enzymes inside the cell
73
what happens when glucagon binds to glucagon receptors
alpha subunit of the g protein binds to adenylate cyclase and activiates it.
74
what does the increase in cAMP activate
protein kinase enzymes
75
what does DAG regulate
protein kinases and those that synthesize protaglandins contraction of smooth muscle.
76
what does IP3 cause increase of
Ca2+ in cytoplasm contraction of smooth muscle
77
what does cGMP activate
enzymes that increase Na+ and water excretion by kidney
78
what are some endocrine system functions
```
metabolism and tissue maturation
ion regulation
water balance
immune system regulation
heart rate and blood pressure regulation
control of blood glucose and other nutriets
control of reproduction
uterine contractions and milk release
```
79
what is the pituitary gland and hypothalamus
junction of nervous and endocrine systems
80
how many hormones does pituitary secrete
nine
81
what are two functions of pituitary
regulate body function
| regulate secretions of other endocrine glands
82
what does hypothalamus regulate
secretions of anterior pituitary
83
what is function of anterior pituitary
secrete hormones
84
what is another name for the anterior pituitary
adenohypophysis
85
what is another name for posterior pituitary
neurohypophysis
86
what is TRH
thyroid releasing hormone
87
what is TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
88
What is CRH
corticotropin releasing hormone
89
What is GnRH
gonadotropin releasing ormone. KH and FSH
90
what is PRH
prolactin releasing hormone
91
what are some releasing hormones
TRH
CRH
GnRH
PRH
92
what does antidiuretic hormone do
prevents outputs of large amount of urine
promotes retention of water in kidney tubules with reduces urine volume
constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure.
93
what is osmoreeceptors
specialized neurons of hypothalamus that measures changes in concetrations of electrolytes and H2O
94
what are baroreceptors
specialized neurons in the walls of the atria of the heart, carotid arteries, and the aortic arch. sense changes in blood pressure.
95
what is the target tissue for ADH
kidney
96
when ADH levels increase ho is urine volume affected
less urine is made
97
when ADH levels increase how is blood volume affected
blood volume increases as more water is kept by the kidney
98
what is diabetes insipidus
not enough ADH produces
| usually from brian damage
99
what does growth hormone do
increase uptake of amino acid protein synthesis
increase fat breakdown and stimulates synthesis of glucose by the liver which releases glucose in the blood.
increases tissue growth
100
what does growth hormone regulate
growth, tissue maintenence, metabolism
101
what happens as GH binds to adipose cells
incresses breakdown of lipids and decreases use of glucose as energy
102
what is indirect effect of GH
increaes the production of somatomedins in the liver and skeleta; muscle.
103
what are peak levels of Gh
during deep sleep
104
what is dwarfism
chronic hyposecretion of GH
105
what is hypersecretion of GH
giantism- before epiphysial growth plate closes
| acromegaly0 after closure
106
what is prolactin
milk production
107
where does TRH come from
hypothalamus and throid hormone from the tyroid.
108
Where is TSH from
anteriror pituitary thyroid gland synthesis.
109
where is cortisol secreted from
adrenal cortex.
110
where is aldosterone secreted from
adrenal cortex.
111
what do lipotrophins do
bind to adipose cells to catabolize fat and release fatty acids into the cir system.
112
what is addisons disease
```
chronic adrenal insufficiency
adrenal cortex degenerates
loss of negative feedback on pituitary
excess ACTH secretion
weight loss, weakness, low blood pressure, arkening of skin.
```
113
what molecule has the same effects as opiate drugs
endophin.
114
what do LH and FSH promote
growth and function of the gonads. testes and ovaries.
115
what is the thyroid gland
large endocrine gland. high vascular. iodine enters follicular cells by active transport
116
what are follicles
small spheres with follicular cells surronding thyroglobin protein and large amounts of thyroid hormones.
117
what are parafollicular cells
secrete calcitonon which helps regulate calcium concentration.
118
what do follicular cells do
secrete thyroglobulin inside follicle. iodine attaches to tyrosine. the two tyrosines combine into curculation.
119
what is congenital hypothyroidism
defeciencu of iodine or congenital erros in tyroid hormone synthesis
impairment of physical and mental growth
cretin not used much now.
120
what is a hoiter
abnormal enlargemtn of the tyroid gland
121
the major more potent form of tyroid hormone that interacts with target cells is
triiodothyronine.
122
what condiditon produces elevated TSH secretion
iodine deficeincy
surgically removed thyroid
pituitary tumor
123
what is calcitonin secretion triggered by
high Ca+2 concetration in blood.
124
what is parathyroid gland
embredde din thyroid
tow glands on each side
secrete PTH
target tissues, bones, kidneys, intestines.
increase calcium in blood
stimulates osteoclasts
promotes calcium reabsorption by kidneys and PO4 excretion.
125
what is causes of hypoparathyroidism
accidental removal during thyroidectomy.
126
what are symptoms of hypoparathyroidism
```
hypocalcemia
normal bone structure
increased neuromuscular excitability
raccid heart musslce, cardiac arrhythmia may develop
diarrhea
```
127
what is adrenal gland composed of
inner medulla and outer cortex
128
what id medullar formed from
neural crest cells
129
what is cortex derived from
mesoderm
130
what does epinephrine do
increase glucose in blood
oncrease fat breakdown
dilates skeletal and cardiac muscle blood vessels
131
what does norepinephrine do
increae heart rate, force of contraction and BP. vasoconstriction.
132
what are symptoms of pheochromocytoma
```
elevated BP
elevates heart rate
pallor
nervous
increases chance of heart disease
```
133
what are the five actions of epiephrine
```
release glucose from liver
release FA from adipose
increases heart rate
decreases blood flow
increased blood flow to muscles.
```
134
what does aldosterone do
increase rate of sodium reabsorption by kidneys. increases sodium levels in blood
135
what does cortisol do
increases fat and protein breakdown and glucose synthesis. decreases inflammatory response.
136
what are the metabolic effect of glucocorticoids
increases fat and protein breakdown for energy
| increase glucose synthesis
137
what are the anti inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids
antibody production, release of inflammatory chemicals, and WBC>
138
what are alpha cells
glucagon
139
what are beta cells
insulin
140
what are delta cells
somatostatin
141
what does insulin target
liver, adipose, muscle, satuety center.
142
what does insulin do
increase uptake of glucose and amino acids by cells.
143
what does glucagon target
liver
144
what does glucagon cause
breakdown of glycogen and fats for energy
145
what happens wht glucose levels are high
rapid uptake and storage of glucose, AA and fats.
146
what happens when glucose levels are loq
glucose is released and a switch to fat and protein are sources of energy
147
what does testosterone fdo
regulates production of sperm cells
development maintan male reproductive organs
secondary sex characteristics
148
what does estrogen do
uterine and mammary gland development and function
external genitalia structure
secondary sex characteristics
149
what does pineal gland produce
melatonin
150
what is thymosin
development of the immune system
151
what are paracrines
chemical mediators of inflammation released from injured cells.
152
what are the efect of aging on the endocrine system
gradual decrease in secretory activity of some glands .
lower GH
melatonin
thyroid hormone
kidneys secrete less renin
tendency to develp type 2 diabetes and grow older.
