Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A+P > lecture notes 4-6 > Flashcards

lecture notes 4-6 Flashcards

(242 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the four tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are tissues

A

collection of specialized ells and extracellular substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is tissue classification based on

A 
structure of cells
composition of extracellular matrix
function of cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the four primary tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muslce
nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is histology

A

microscopic study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a biopsy

A

used for diagnostic purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is an autopsy

A

examination of organs to determine cause of death or to study the changes caused by disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is characteristics of epithelium tissue

A

almost entirely cells
covers body surfaces and forms glands (outside-skin ; lining inside-digestive tract)
most have a free, lateral and basal surface
basement membrane
avascular
capable of regeneration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is basement membrane

A

an extracellular material formed by secretions from epithelial and connective tissue called glue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is three puposes of basement membrane.

A

helps attach epithelial cells to underlying tissues
guides cell migration fro tissue repair
filter-nephron of kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what determines function of epithelial tissues

A

layers and shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is function of epithelial tissues

A

barrier, diffusion, filtration, secretion, absorption, protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the three components a free surface of epithelial cel can have

A

smooth
microvilli
cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is purpose of microvilli

A

increase surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is purpose of cilia

A

move materials across cell surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the three classifiecations of epithelium cells based on layers of cells

A

simple
stratified
pseudostratified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is pseudostratified

A

appears to be stratified, but all cells are attached to basement membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are three types of cells based on shape of cells

A

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where are simple squamous epithelium cells found

A

lining of blood vessels and the heart. myphatic vessesl, alveoli of the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is purpose of simple squamous epithelium cells

A

diffusion, filtration, some secretion, some protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is simple cuboidal epithelium cells found

A

some with microvilli in kidney tubules and some line terminal bronchioles of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is purpose of simple cuboidal epithelium cells

A

secretion, absorption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where is simple columnar epithelium found

A

GI tract, microvilli, lungs, cilia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is purpose of simple columnar epithelium

A

secretion and absorption in small intestines, particles out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is two types of stratified squamous epithelium cells
keratinized | nonkeratinized.
26
where is nonkeratinized cells found
mouth, throat, esophagus.
27
what does nonkeratinized cells consist of
consists of living cells in the deepest and outermost layers | layer of fluid covers the outermost cells which makes them moist.
28
where is keratinized cells found
skin
29
what do nonkeratinized cells consist of
living cells in deepest layer, and teh outer layers are composed of deead cells containing the protein keratin.
30
what is the purpose of stratified squamous epithelium cells
protection from abrasion, chemicals, water loss, infection.
31
where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found
sweat gland ducts
32
what is purpose of stratified cuboidal epithelium
secretion, absorption, protection agaisnt infection.
33
where is stratified columnar epithelium found
mammary gland duct, larynx, portion of male urethra.
34
what is purpose of stratified columnar epithelium
secretion, protection.
35
where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium
nasal sinuses, bronchi of lungs, trachea.
36
what is purpose of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
secrete mucis, move mucus.
37
where is transitional epithelium found
lining urinary bladder, ureters
38
what is purpose of transitional epithelium
stretch with volume changes of organ- protects agaisnt caustic effects or urine.
39
what is the functions of cell connections
bind cells together hold cells together and form a permeable layer intercellular communication
40
whats desmosomes
bind cells together
41
what are tight junctions
hold cells together and forms a permeable layer
42
what aer the types of glands
endocrine | exocrine
43
what is endocrine
no ducts. hormones to blood stream
44
what is exocrine
ducts
45
what are the two ways glands are classiied
type and structure.
46
what are the two ways of classifying glands according to structure
unicellular- goblet cells | multicellular- classified by the structure of the ducts or by their method of secretion.
47
what are four types of glands according to structure
simple- ducts with few branches compound- ducts with many branches tubular- secretory regions shaped like tubes acinar- saclike structures
48
what are types of glands according to secretion
merocrine apocrine holocrine
49
what are merocrine
secretion with no loss of cellular material
50
what is apocrine
fragments in secretion-cell oinches off
51
what is holocrine
whole cells is part of secretion
52
what is function of connective tissue
``` enclose organs connect tissues- tendons suport and movement- bones, rigid support storage- fat cushion- fat transport- blood protect ```
53
what are blasts
create matrix
54
what are cytes
maintain matrix
55
what are clasts
breakdown fro remodeling
56
what are mast cells
reelease in response to injury, trauma, infection.
57
what are the two types of macrophages
fixed wandering
58
what are 3 major components of extracellular matrix
protein fibers ground substance fluid.
59
what are the three types of proteins fibers in the extracellular matrix
collagen reticular elastic
60
what is reticular
fine collagen fivers. forms branching network. fill spaces between tissues and organs.
61
what is ground substance
shapeless background in microscope
62
what are the four types of ground substance
hyaluronic acid proteoglycans adhesive molecules
63
what is purpose of hyaluronic acid
lubricant for joint cavities
64
what is purpose of proteoglycans
traps large amounts water. provides cartilege with its resilient nature.
65
what is purpose of adhesive molecules
holds proteoglycans together.
66
what makes up extracellular matrix
protein fibers ground substance fluid
67
what are 2 types embryonc connective tissue
mesenchyme | mucous
68
what are 6 types adult connective tissue
``` loose dense special properties cartilege bone hemopoietic tissue ```
69
what is purpose of loose connective tissue
loose packing material of most oragans and tissues | attaches skin to underlying tissues
70
what is special about dense regular collagenous connective tissue
has abundant collagen fibers-resists streching tendons ligaments
71
what tissues make up the layers of the skin
epidermis dermis hypodermis
72
what are the two types of adipose tissue
yellow- white at birth, yellows with age because of accumulation of pigments brown- more found in babies. controls body temp.
73
what is purpose of reticular tissue
provides a super structure for lymphatic and hemopoietic tissues space between reticular cells contain WBC's and dendritic cells
74
what are two characteristics of cartilege
firmest structure in body except bone | avascular- no blood or nerve supply
75
what is perichondrchondrium
dense irregular connective tissue that surronds nearly all cartilege. secretes cartilege cells.
76
what are chondrocytes
cartilege cells surronded by matrix and located in spaces called lucunae.
77
where is hyaline cartilege found
ribcage, trachea, brincki. embryo skeleton.
78
what is hyaline cartilege involved in
growth in lenght of bones
79
what is structure of hyaline cartilege
collagen fibers and proteoglycans in matrix
80
what is structure of fibrocartilege
thick collagen fibers in matrix. slightly compressible and tough
81
where is fibrocartilege found
areas of pressure on joints. knee. invertabral disk
82
what is structure of elastic cartilege
elastic and collagen fibers and proteoglycans in matrix.
83
where is elastic cartilege found
external ears
84
what are components of bone
hard connective tisssue matrix- strenght and rigidity osteocytes located in lacunae
85
what are the types of bone
cancellous or spongy | compact bone
86
what is cancelllous bone
trabeculae of bone with spaces. looks like a sponge. found inside of bone.
87
where is cancelous bone found
skull, vertebrea, strnum, ends of long bones.
88
what is compact bone
concentric layers around a central canal
89
what elemetns does blood form
red cells, white cells, platelets.
90
what forms hemopoietic tissue
blood cells
91
where is hemopoietic tissue found
red bone marrow
92
what are two types of bone marrow
red- red and white cells | yellow-adipose tissue
93
what is marfan syndrome
genetic condition, affects individuals by targeting the elastic fibers of connective tissue. this causes the connective tissue to be weakened and unable to work.
94
what are characteristics of muscle tissue
contracts or shortens with force | moves the body;pumps blood
95
what are types of muscle tissue
skeletal- attached to skeleton cardiac-straited and involuntary smooth-muslce of tubular structures and skin. regulates size of organs. nonstraited and involuntary
96
what do neurons or nerve cells do
produce actin potentials
97
what are the parts of nervous tissue
cell body axon dendrite
98
what does axon do
process conducts impulses away, from cell body
99
What does dendrite do
cell process receive impulses from other neurons.
100
what are types of nervous tissue
multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar.
101
whats purpose of neuroglia
support cells of brain, spinal cord and nerves | nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.
102
what does mucous membrane do
line cavities that open to outside | secrete mucus
103
What is purpose of serous membrane
lines cavities not open to outside. release serous fluid that protects internal organs from friction.
104
what is purpose of synovial membrane
lines movable joints | produces synovial fluid which is rich in hyaluronic acid.
105
what are te three types of membranes
mucous serous synovial
106
what is imflammatory response
occurs when tissue is damaged or i associated with an immune response.
107
what are chemical mediatos of inflammation
histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes | vasodilation, stimulation of pain receptors, increased blood vessels permeability.
108
what are the manifestations of inflammatory response
redness, heat, swelling, pain, disturbance of function.
109
what is steps of skin repair
primary union scab granulation tissue scar made of dermis.
110
what is secondary union
edges not closed. inflammation resonse greater. wound contraction occurs and greater scarring.
111
what is neoplasm
growth
112
what is malignant
spreads and causes harm
113
what is benign
not inclined to spread
114
what is carcinoma
a malignant neoplasm from epithelial tissue
115
what is a sarcoma
a maligant neoplasm from connective tissue
116
what is not a primary function of the integumentary system
absorption
117
what is epidermis
superficial layer of epithelial tissue
118
what is dermis
deep layer of connective tissue
119
what is hypodermis
not part of skin | loose connective tissue
120
what are three characteristics of epidermis
avascular cells arranged into layers basement membrane seperates from dermis
121
what is purpose of keratinocytes
produce keratin for strength
122
what is purpose of melanocytes
skin color
123
what is purpose of langerhans cells
immune system
124
what is purpose of merkel cells
light touch/superficial pressure
125
whats desquamate
cells of deeper layers undergo mitosis, move toward surface
126
what is keratinization
cells move outward through layers, fill with keratin die.
127
what are the five layers of epidermal strata
stratum corneum- cornified cells stratum lucidum- thin, clear zone- palms and soles only stratum granulosum- nucleus and other organells degenerate and cell dies stratum spinosum- limited cell division.desosomes, lamellar bodies and additional keratin fibers stratum basale- deepest portion of epidermis-high mitotic activity
128
where is thick skin found
all 5 epithelial strata areas subject to pressure or friction fingerprints/footprints
129
what is callus
increase in number of layers in stratum corneum.
130
what gives skin its color
pigments blood circulation thickness of stratum corneum
131
what is melanin
protect against uv light. brown, black, yellowish.
132
what are melanocytes
processes extend between keratinocytes
133
what is production of pigments determined by
genetics, hormones, exposure to light.
134
what is albinism
deficeincy or absence of pigment.
135
what is carotene
yellow pigment from vegetables. accumulates in stratum corneum, adipose cells and hypodermis.
136
what affects toe color of your skin
pigments blood circulating through skin thickness of stratum corneum
137
what does dermis do
gives strenght with many fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages.
138
what is contained in dermis
nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels
139
what are sensory function sof dermis
pain, itch, tickle, temperatute, touch, pressure, two point discrimination.
140
what are the two layers of the dermis
papillary- areolar with lots of elastic fibers reticular- dense irregular CT collagen and elastic fibers
141
what are cleavage lines
elastin and collagen fibers oriented in smae direction.
142
whats hypodermis
consists of connective tissue. collagen and elastic fibers.
143
What are types of hypodermis
fibroblasts adipose cells macrophages
144
what is another name for hypodermis
subcutaneous
145
what does hypodermis function as
energy source insulation padding
146
where are parts that hair is not found
palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of external genitalia, distal fingers
147
what are the three layers of hair
medulla cortex cuticle.
148
what is causes of split ends
thermal chemical mechanical stress
149
what is two parts of hair follicle
dermal root sheath | epithelial root sheath
150
what are two parts of hair bulb
matrix | hair papilla
151
what are the two stages of hair growth
growth stage- matrix adds cells at base of hair root and hair elongates. 0.3mm/day rest stage- follicle shortens and holds hair in place.
152
what does regular hair loss mean
hair is being replaced
153
what is permanent hair loss
pattern baldness
154
what are the two parts of arrector pili
types of smooth muscle muscle contraction- hair stand on end skin pushed by by movement of hair follicle
155
where is sebaceous oil found
holocrine gland
156
what are sudoriferous glands
sweat glands
157
what is merocrine
simple coiled- open directly onto surface
158
What does merocrine produce
isotonic fluid.
159
What is apocrine
active at puberty
160
where is merocrine found
palms and soles
161
where is apocrine found
axillae, genitalia
162
what are ceruminous glands
modified merocrine seat glands in external auditory meatus.
163
what are the parts of nails
nail body eponychium nail root matrix
164
how much does a fingernail grow per day
0.5-1.2mm/day
165
what does skin protect against
abrasion microorganism melanin
166
what does your hair on your head protect against
insulator, light, abrasion. | sweat, dust, insects.
167
what is temperature regulation
sweating and radiation of heat.
168
what changes diametere with temperature.
arterioles
169
what does vitamin D aid in
calcium absorption
170
what does vitamin d do
stimulates uptake of Ca++ from intestines.
171
what does calcium help with
bone growth and repair. clotting nerve and muscle function.
172
what are sources of calcium
dairy, liver, egg yolk, supplements.
173
whats excretion
removal of waste products from the body. sweat, water, salt, ammonia.
174
what is a first degree burn
epidermis
175
ehat is a second degree burn
dermis
176
what is full thickness burn
dermis and epidermis are destroyed.
177
what are the results of aging
``` skin more easily damaged skin infections wrinkling occurs skin drier decrease blood supply melanocytes decrease sunlight ages skin ```
178
whats actinic keratosis
rough, scaly patches on the skin. areas skin exposed.
179
what are two elements of bone matrix
calcium and collagen.
180
what is osteogenesis also called
brittle bone disorder.
181
what is cause of osteogenesis
by too little formation of type 1 collagen in the bone. collagen fibers in the bone allow flexibility and without it present, the bone becomes brittle.
182
what er results of osteogenesis imperfecta
fractures, spinal curvatures, loose joints, brittle teeth, hearing loss, blue tint to whites of eyes.
183
what is ossification
the formation of bone
184
how do osteoblasts communicate
through gap junctions.
185
what does osteocytes mean
surronded by matrix
186
what does lacunae do
occupies spaces by the osteocyte cell body.
187
what does canaliculi do
occupies canals by osteocyte cell processes
188
where do nutrients pass through in bone
lacunea, canaliculi, gap junctions
189
What is purpose of osteoclasts
absorption. breakdown
190
how is a ruffled border caused
formed by contact of the PM of osteoclasts and the bone marrow.
191
what are osteochondral progenitor cells
become chondroblasts or osteoblasts.
192
What is osteoporosis a result of
loss bone matrix. bone becomes weak and at risk for fratures.
193
what are factors that can cause osteoporosis
age, hormones, diet, exercise, and even history of smoking.
194
how are bone tissue classified
organization of collagen fibers in the bone matrix.
195
what are the types of bone
woven bone lamellar bone cancellous bone compact bone
196
what are characteristics of woven bone
collagen fibers randomly oriented developed during fetal development developed during fracture repair. remodeling-removing old bone.
197
what are characteristics of lamellar bone
sheets- lamellae. collagen fibers oriented in one direction in each layer. each layer has a different direction
198
whats trabeculae
interconnecting rods or plates of bone. like scaffolding
199
what are characteristics of trabeculae
spaces filled with blood vessels and marrow bone covered with a single layer of cells oriented along stress lines.
200
what are the four parts of the compact bone
central or haversian canals- parallel to long axis lamellae-concentric osteon system-central canal lined with endosteum, its contents, concentric lamellae and osteocytes. perforating or volkmanns canal-perpendicular to long axis
201
what happens at the perforating canals
blood vessels from periosteum or medullary enter the bone. suply blood vessels in the central canal nutrients and wastes travel between osteocytes.
202
woven bone is remodeling into what type of bone?
lamellar or mature bone.
203
what are the four bone shapes
long- upper, lower limbs short- carpals and tarsals flat- ribs, sternum, skull irregular- vertebrae, facial
204
what are the 7 parts of the bone
diaphysis- shaft epiphysis- end of bone epiphyseal plate- growth plate epiphyseal line- bone stops growing in lenght medullary cavity- marrow periosteum- single layer sharpeys fibers-periosteal fibers penetrate through periosteum into bone. endosteum-similar inner layer as the periosteum.
205
what are flat bones
sandwich of cancellous between compact bone
206
what is short and irregular bone
compact bone that surronds cancellous- similar to the structure of epiphyses.
207
what does it mean when you see the epiphyseal line
the epiphyseal plate has closed.
208
what are the two methods of ossification
intramembranous ossification- found in connective tissue membrane endochondral ossification- found in cartilege
209
where does intramembranous ossification form?
in connective tissue membrane from embryonic mesenchymal cells.
210
were are the centers of ossification
CT membrane
211
what are fontanels
large membrane covered spaces between developing skull bones.
212
when does cartilege formation form
4th week of embryo
213
when does ossification begin
8th week of embryo
214
which type of bone development starts with cartilege
endochondral
215
where do long bones grow in lenght
epiphyseal plate
216
appositional growth
new layers of bone on surface of old bone or cartilege.
217
when does closure of the epiphyseal plate happen
when epiphyseal plate is ossified
218
what happens with articular cartilege
does not ossify-persists through life.
219
what are the zones of the epiphyseal plate
resting cartilege- cartilege attaches to the epiphysis proliferation-new cartilege is produced on the epiphyseal side of the plate as the condrocytes divide and form stacks of cells hypertrophy- chondrocytes mature and enlarge calcification- matrix is calcified, and chondrocyres die ossified bone- calcified cartilege on the diaphyseal side of the plate is replaced by bone.
220
what is a result of growth at the articular cartilege
increased size of the epiphyses
221
what are condrocytes near surface of articular cartilege similar to
those in zone of resting cartilege.
222
what is pituitary gigantism
excess growth hormone before growth plate closes
223
what is acromegaly
excess growth hormone after growth plates close.
224
what is achondroplastic dwarf
improper growth at the growth plate.
225
what are some factors affecting bone growth
- size/shape determined by nutrition and hormones - nutrition- lack of Ca++ hormones
226
what results from lack of vitamin D
rickets- decreased mineralization of bone matrix | osteomalacia- softening of bones.
227
what happens with lack of vitamin C
scurvy | wounds not heal, teeth fall out.
228
what are some types of hormones
growth hormone thyroid sex hormones
229
what is BMU
a temporary group of osteoclasts and osteoblasts- remove old bone matrix and replace it with new bone
230
how are osteons formed in compact bone
osteoclasts breakdown the matrix and form a tunnel osteoblasts form lamellae around the tunnel wall forming a concentric lamallae. the process continues until a ostean is formed.
231
what are the four steps of bone repair
hemotoma- blood from blood vessels callus- tissue forms at fracture site callus ossification- callus replaced by woven, cancellous bone bone remodeling- replacement of woven/bone by compact bone
232
what happens with internal callus formation
- blood vessels grow into clot - macrophages clean up debris - fibroblasts produce collagen and granulation tissue
233
what happens with external callus formation
osteoblasts and chondroblasts. bone cartilege collar stabilizes two pieces.
234
what early structure helps stabilize a fracture during bone repair
callus
235
what cells or tissues do not play a major role in bone repair in the callus formation stage
compact bone
236
what are the stages of bone repair in order
hematoma, callus formation, callus ossification, bone remodeling
237
what is a major storage site of calcium
bone
238
blood calcium evels
calcium enters bone via osteoblasts, leaves via osteoclasts.
239
what does parathyroid hormone do
raises calcium in the blood by stimulating osteoclasts.
240
what does calcitonin do
lowers calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclast activity
241
what are the effects of age on the skeletal system
bone matrix decreases. more brittle due to lack of collagen. bone mass decreases. bone loss times 10 after menapause increased fractures bone loss causes deformity, loss of height, stiffness, stopped.
242
what are the types of bone fractures
open- bone break + open wound closed- no break in skin incomplete- not across bone greenstick- fracture on the convex side of the curve of a bone hairline-two section of bone do not seperate comminuted fractures- more than two pieces. impacted- one fragment is driven into cancellous portion of other fragment

A+P (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions