chapter 4 book Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
what are tissues
A
collection of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them.
2
Q
how are body tissues classified into groups
A
structure of cells, composition of non-cellular substances, function of cells.
3
Q
what are the four primary tissues
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.
4
Q
how are epithelial and connective tissues classified
A
structure, cell shape, relationship of cell to another, composition of extracellular matrix.
5
Q
how is muscle and nervous tissue classified
A
structure and functioning characteristics and location.
6
Q
what is histology
A
microscopic study of tissues
7
Q
what is biopsy
A
process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes.
8
Q
what is an autopsy
A
examination of organs to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by disease.
9
Q
what are the two layers of the embryonic stem cells
A
epiblast and hypoblast
10
Q
what are the three embryonic germ layers
A
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
11
Q
what is the endoderm
A
inner layer, forms lining of digestive tract and derivaties.
12
Q
what is the mesoderm
A
middle layer, forms tissies such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels
13
Q
What is the ectoderm
A
outer layer, forms the skin
14
Q
what is the neuroectoderm
A
portion of ectoderm that becomes nervous system.
15
Q
what is neural crest cells
A
groups of cells that break away from neuroectoderm during development, give rise to parts of periphal nerves, skin pigment, the medulla o adrenal gland and many tissues of face.
16
Q
what is epithelial tissue
A
covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside body
17
Q
What are some common characteristics of epithelial tissue
A
composed of cells covers body surfaces tissue surfaces cell and matrix connections nonvascular-diffusing across basement membrane regeneration
18
Q
what body surfaces does epithelial tissues cover
A
exterior, lining digestive and respitory tracts, heart and blood vessels, body cavities.
19
Q
what tissue surfaces does epithelial tissue cover
A
apicol surface, lateral, basal
20
Q
what is the apicol surface
A
cells are exposed and not attached to other cells
21
Q
what is the lateral surface
A
cells attached to other epithelial cells
22
Q
what is the basal surface
A
base of tissue, attached to basement membrane
23
Q
what is the basement membrane
A
specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells.
24
Q
what is basement membranes important role
A
supporting and guiding cell migration during tissue repair.
25
what are major functions of epithelial tissues
```
protecting underlying structures
acting as barrier
permitting passage of substnaces
secreting substances
absorbing substances
```
26
how do epithelial tissues act as barriers
reduce water loss and prevent toxic molecules and microorganisms
27
what are the 4 types of epithelial tissues
simple epithelium
stratified epithelium
pseudo-stratified
transitional
28
what is simple epithelium
single layer cells, extending basement to free surface
29
what is stratified epithelium
more layer cells, basal layer attach to basement membrane
30
what is pseudostratified
special type of simple, one layer cell attached to basement membrane
31
what is transitional
special type stratified, cell changes from cubical and columnar to squamous when stretched.
32
what are the three types of epithelium
squamous, cubidoil, columnar.
33
what are two types of stratified squamous epithelium
nonkeratinized- consists of living cells in both deepest and superficial layers
keratinized- living cells in deepest layer, dead containing keratin protein in superficial.
34
Where is keratinized found
skin, gums, hard palate of mouth.
35
where is nonkeratinized found
mouth, esophagus, rectum, vagina.
36
what is transitional epithelium
lines urinary bladder, ureters, kidney and urethra. surface cells cuboid or columnar when not stretched, and squamous when stretched.
37
what is purpose of simple epithelium
covers internal organs, facilitates diffusion of gases on lungs, filters blood in kidneys, cellular products in glands, absorbs nutrients in intestines.
38
what is function of stratified epithelium
protection
39
where is stratified squamous found
in areas of body where abrasion can occur, such as skin, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina.
40
what is the shape of cells that filter
flat and thin
41
what is the shape of cells that secrete
cubiodal or columnar.
42
what are goblet cells
specialized columnar epithelial cells. responsible for synthesizing and secreting mucus.
43
what are free surfaces
not in contact with other cells
44
what are the types of free surfaces
smooth, microvilli, folded, cilia.
45
what is microvilli
nonmotile, contain microfilaments, extensions of clll that increase surface area, occur in cells that absorb or secrete, such as serous membrane and lining of small intestine.
46
what is a ground substance
gel mile mixture of nonfiberous molecules
47
what are the two major components of ground substance
hyaluronic and proteoglycans
48
what is hyaluronic acid
long, unbranched polysaccharide chain composed of repeating disaccharide units.
49
what is a proteoglycan
large molecule consist of protien core attached to many long polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans.
50
what are adhesive molecules
ground substance hold proteoglycans aggregates together.
51
what is chondronectin
ground substance of cartilege
52
what is fibronectin
ground substance of fiberous connective tissue
53
what are two major connective tissue
embryonic connective
| mucous connective
54
what is embryonic connective tissue
composed of fibrofblasts surronded by semifluid extracellular matrix containing delicate reticular fibers.
55
what is mucous connective tissue
umbilical cord, sim to that of mesenchyme, rich source of stem cells.
56
what are the three types of adult connective tissue
connective tissue, fluid connective, supporting connective.
57
what is loose connective tissue
consist of relatively few protein fibers that form lacy netweork with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.
58
what are 3 subdivisions of connective tissue
areoler, adipose, reticular.
59
what is areoler tissue
loose packing material of most organs and tissues. attaches skin to underlying tissues. contains collegen, reticular, and elastic fibers.
60
what is adipose tissue
connective tissue with special properties- composed of large cells and small amount of extracellular matrix.
61
what does adipose tissue function as
insulator and site of energy storage.
62
what are two types of adipose tissue
yellow
| brown
63
what is yellow adipose tissue
appears white at birth, turns yellow with age becuas accumulation of pigments, carotene, plant pigment
64
what is brown adipose tissue
found in armpits, neck, kidneys.
65
what is reticular tissue
form framework of lymphatic tissue. spleen. lymphocytes, bone marrow.
66
what is dense connective tissue
large number protein fibers, form thick bundles and fill extracellular space.
67
what does dense regular collagenous connective tissue form
form tendons, ligaments.
68
what is the general structure of tendons.
collagen fibers of ligaments often less compact.
some fibers not parallel
ligaments more flattened than tendons and form sheets and bands of tissues.
69
what is dense regular elastic connective tissue
parallel bundles of collagen fibers and abundant elastic fibers.
70
what is dense irregular connective tissue
contains protein fibers aranged as mashwork of randomly oriented fibers.
71
what is irregular collagenous connective tissue
forms dermis, surronds kidney and spleen.
72
what is dense irregular elastic connective tissue
elastic arteries, layers of tissue contain abundant elastic fibers.
73
what is cartilege
composed of cartilege cells with extensive and rigid matrix.
74
what is perichondrium
dense tissue surronding the surface of cartilege.
75
lacunae
spaces in whcih cartilege cells are located.
76
what are the three types of cartilege
hyaline
fibro
elastic
77
what is lyaline cartilege?
large amounts collogen fibers and proteoglycans. glassy translucient matrix when viewed trhough microscope
found where strong support and some flexiability. involved in growth that increases lenght of bones.
78
what is fibro
thicker bundles collogan fibers, slightly compresable and tough
79
where is fibro found
knee, jaw, vertebra
80
what is purpose of fibro
absorb shock and prevent bone to bone abrasion
81
what is elastic
found in areas that rigid but elastic properties.
82
what is bone
hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and mineralized matrix.
83
what is osteocytes
bone cells, located within holes in matrix.
84
what are two types of bone
compact- no space between thin layers or lamellae
| spongy
85
what is blood
liquid matrix allos to flow rapidly through body, carry nutrients, oxygen, waste products.
86
what is hemopoetic tissue
forms blood cells, found in bone marrow
87
what are two types of bone marrow
red marrow- surronded by reticular fibers
| yellow- yellow adipose tisse and not produce blood cells.
88
what is stereocillia
specialized microvilli found primarily in sensory structures such as inner ear
89
what is cilia
motile and contain microtubules, allow to move across free surface of cell.
90
what are cell connections
mechanically bind cells together, help form permeable layer, provide mechanism fro intercellular communication.
91
what are desmosomes
adhesive glycoproteins that bind cells together and intercellular proteins attached to intermediate filaments that extend tinto cytoplasm of cells.
92
what are hemidesmosomes
similar to one half of e3, attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane.
93
tight junctions
hold cells together and form permeable layer. formed by proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells that join one another to make a very tight seal.
94
what does tight junction form
ring that surrounds cell and binds cells together to prevent passage of material between cells.
95
where are tight junctions found
areas where layers of simple epithelium form permeable layer.
96
what is adhesive belt
glycoproteins is found below tight junction, acts as weak glue that holds cells together.
97
what is gap junction
small, specialized contact regio between cells containing protein channels that aid intercellular communication by allowing ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to another.
98
what is intercalculated disks
contain gap junctions and desomes that help hold adjacent cells in close contact.
99
what are glands
composed of epithelium, with supporting network of connective tissue. develop from infolding or outfolding of epithelium in embryo
100
what exocrine glands
glands with ducts
101
whats hormones
cellular products of endocrine products
102
whats multicellular glands
exocrine glands composed of many cells
103
whats goblet cells
unicellular glands that secrete mucus
104
what are the types of multicellular glands
simple, compound, tubular, acinar, alveolar, tubuloacinar, tubuloalveolar
105
what are the types of exocrine gland secretion
merocrine- involves release of secretory products by exocytosis used by water producing sweat glands
apocrine- involves release of secretory products as pinched off fragments of gland cells
holocrine- shedding of entire cells product accum in cytoplasm, cell ruptures and dies, entire cell is secreted.
106
what are major functions of connective tissue
```
enclosing and seperating tissue
connective tissue to another.
supporting and moving parts of body
storing compounds
cushioning
transporting
protecting
```
107
what is a blast
| creates matrix
creates matrix
108
maintains matrix
what is a cytes
109
what is a clasts
breakdown for remodeling
110
what is adipocytes
adipose cells, cotain large amount of lipid
thin layer cytoplasm
abundants in loose connective tissue
111
what is mast cells
released in response to injury, trauma and infection.
112
what is white blood cells
move from blood vessel to connective tissue. increases with injury
113
what is lymphocytes
common in connective tissue under epithelial lining of digestive tract.
114
what is macrophages
large, phagocytic cells, derived from monocytes.
115
what are 2 types of macropages
fixed, wandering
116
what are platelets
fragments of hemopoietic cells containing enzymes and special proteins that function in clotting process.
117
what are undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
adult stem cell, potential to form multiple cell types. fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells, response to injury
118
what are three types of protien fibers
collagen, reticular, elastic.
119
what are collagen fibers
strong and flexible, like microscopicropes but not very elastic.
120
what is type 1 collagen
suited for tendons, ligaments, bone, skin, some flexiability
121
what is type 2 collagen
cartilege
122
what is type 3 collagen
reticular fibers
123
whats reticular fibers
very short, thin fibers that branch to form netwrok.
124
what are elastic fibers
protein has ability to return to origianl shape after stretched or compressed.
125
what are three types muscle tissues
skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle.
126
what is skeletal muscle.
located attached to bones. very long. cylindrical cells, moves body
127
what is cardiac muscles
located in heart. cylindrical cells that branch, function provides major force for moving blood through blood vessels.
128
what is smooth muscles
located in walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eyes, glands, skin. spindle shaped. moves food through digestive tract, empties urinary bladder, regulates blood vessel diameter.
129
what is nervous tissue
brain, spinal, cord, nerves, characterized by ability to conduct electrical signals, consists or neurons and glia.
130
what is neurons
conduciting cells of tissue, transport electrical signals throughout body.
131
what are the neuron components
cell body
dendrites
axon
132
what is cell body
contains nucleus and site of general cell functions
133
what is dendrites
receive action protentials, branches at ends
134
what is axon
conducts actin potentials away from cell body, constant diameter along entire lenght.
135
what are multipolar neurons
multiple dendrites and single axon
136
what is bipolar neurons
single dendrite and axon
137
what is pseudo unipolar neurons
single, short process extends from cell body and divides into two branches.
138
what is gilia
support cells of brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.
139
what is mucous membrane
lines cavities and canals that open to outside of body.
140
what is components of mucous membrane
epithelial cells, basement membrane, connective tissue, lamina.
141
what is components of serous membrane
layer of squamous epithelium called mesothelium, basement membrane, delicate layer of connective tissue, do not contain glands.
142
what is purpose of serous membrane
protect internal organs from friction, help hold in place, selectively permeable membrane.
143
what is synovial membrane
line freely movable joints, made of connective tissue.
144
what is synovial fluid
rich in hyaluronic acod.
145
what is inflammation
response that occurs when tissues develop
146
what is imflammatory response
defense mechanism that mobilizes bodys immune cells to isolate and destroy microorganisms and remove damaged cells.
147
what are chemical mediators
stimulate pain receptors and increase permeability of blood vessels.
148
what does edema do
increase pressure in tissue, stimulate neurons and cause pain.
149
what is tissue repair
sub of viable cells for dead cells by regeneration or replacement
150
what is regeneration
new cells are same type that have been destroyed.
151
what is replacement
new type cell develops, which produces scar and causes loss of tissue function.
152
what is labile cells
always divide, undifferiated cells in bone marrow, study turnover of new cells replacing old cells.
153
where is labile cells found
skin, mucous membrane, lymphatic tissue.
154
what is stable cells
connective tissues, liver, endocrone glands, capable of regeneration in response to injury.
155
what is permanent cells
neurons, skeletal, cardiac muscle, not able to replicate response to injury
156
what is primary union
if edges of wound close together. wound fills with blood and clot forms.
157
what is secondary union
edges not close together, tissue loss extensive.
158
what is fibrin
threadlike protein which binds edges of wound together.
159
what is granulation tissue
delicate, granular appearing connective tissue that consist of fibroblasts, collagen, capillaries.
160
what is carcinoma
cancer derived from epithelial tissue
161
what is adencarcinomas
types of carsinomas derived from glandular epithelium
162
what is sarcoma
rare type of cancer derived from mesodermal tissue.
163
what does atherosclerosis results from
plaque forms in walls of blood vessels, which contain collagen fibers, lipids, calcium deposits.
