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Anatomy and Physiology > A & P - Blood and haemostasis > Flashcards

A & P - Blood and haemostasis Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

what is blood composed of?

A

plasma and cells

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2
Q

which cells can be found in the blood and what are their function?

A

erythrocytes - transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
leukocytes - defence immunity
platelets - blood cloting

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3
Q

what would happen if there was a high blood volume?

A

high blood pressure

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4
Q

name two ways of sampling blood

A

heal/thumb prick

venepuncture - from vein if large amount needed

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5
Q

what is a haematocrit test and what is it used for?

A

blood is centrifuged, good for accessing % of RBC’s

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6
Q

how much blood does the average adult have?

A

4-6l

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7
Q

name the percentages of each component of blood

A

plasma - 55%
cells - 45%
leukocytes and platelets - 1%

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8
Q

what does blood plasma contain?

A 
water - universal solvent
electrolytes - 90% Na+
hormones
plasma proteins- antibodies, clotting
organic waste products
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9
Q

name some (3) blood plasma proteins

A

albumin
fibrinogen and clotting factors
globulins (antibodies)

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10
Q

name some organic waste products found in blood plasma

A

urea
creatinine
uric acid

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11
Q

where is albumin produced and what is its function in blood plasma?

A

liver

influences - BP, flow and fluid balance

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12
Q

where are fibrinogen, clotting factors and globulins (antibodies) produced?

A

fibrinogen and clotting factors - liver

globulins (antibodies) - plasma cells

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13
Q

name the formed elements of blood

A 
monocytes
platelets
lymphocytes - large and small
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophil
erythrocytes
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14
Q

what is the life scan of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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15
Q

what does an erythrocyte produce from CO2 and water?

A

carbonic acid

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16
Q

how many haemoglobin does a RBC contain?

A

280 million

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17
Q

describe the make up of a haemoglobin

A

1 globin made of 4 polypeptide chains and 4 pigment hemes

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18
Q

which area of the haemoglobin does oxygen bind to?

A

the iron ion of the heme

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19
Q

does foetal haemoglobin have a higher or lower affinity to oxygen than adult haemoglobin?

A

higher

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20
Q

what value id the haemoglobin concentration of blood measured in?

A

g/dl

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21
Q

what is a normal RBC count for women and why is it lower than in men?

A

3.8 - 5.8 * 10*12 per litre

periods

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22
Q

what is a normal RBC count for men and why is it higher than in women?

A

4.5 - 6.6 1012 per litre

androgens stimulate RBC production

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23
Q

what is the formula for normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate for men and women?

A

men - age/2 or lower

women - age+10/2 or lower

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24
Q

what would increase the rate of erythrocyte sedimentation?

A

cancer
rheumatoid arthritis
kidney disease
infection

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25
what is erythrocyte sedimentation rate?
time taken for RBC's to settle
26
name two types of leukocytes (white blood cells)
granulocytes | agranulocytes
27
name three granulocytes and % found in WBC's
neutrophils - 60-70% eosinophil - 2-4% basophils - <1 %
28
name two agranulocytes and % found in WBC's
lymphocytes - 25-35% | monocytes - 3-8%
29
name some conditions that neutrophils would control and explain how they do this?
bacterial infections haemorrhage appendicitis work by phagcytosis
30
name some conditions that eosinophil's would control
parasitic infections asthmas allergies
31
name some conditions that basophil's would control
haemolytic anaemia | chicken pox
32
name some conditions that lymphocytes would control
chronic infections
33
name some conditions that monocytes would control
malaria | typhoid
34
what is the term used to describe an increase in WBC's?
leukocytosis
35
what are thrombocytes?
platelets
36
what are platelets formed from?
fragments of larger cells called megakarocytes
37
what are the functions of platelets?
form a temporary platelet plug dissolve old blood clots attract WBC to site of inflammation - to phagocytise bacteria
38
what do platelets secrete?
clotting factors factors for endothelial repair vasoconstrictors in broken blood vessels
39
what is the term used for blood cell production?
haemopoiesis
40
name two tissues that produce blood cells in the womb
``` yolk sac (embryo) liver, spleen (until birth) ```
41
name two tissues that produce blood cells after birth and say which types are produced
red blood marrow - RBC, WBC, platelets | lymphoid tissue - WBC production and maturation
42
what stimulates RBC production in the kidney due to hypoxia?
erythropoietin
43
what is the term used for RBC production?
erythropoiesis
44
how many RBC are produced per second?
2.5 million
45
how many days does it take for a RBC to mature?
3-5 days
46
what happens during the maturation of RBC's?
reduce in size synthesis haemoglobin lose nucleus
47
what is the name for a young RBC?
reticulocyte
48
how and where are RBC recycled?
where - liver and spleen iron stored heme removed in bile and faeces globin hydrolysed to free amino acid
49
what is hypoxemia and what are the causes?
inadequate O2 transport caused by lung disease, high altitude, exercise, bleeding
50
what is needed for RBC production?
iron - absorbed in blood travels to bone marrow, muscle, all cells (liver stores iron) B12 and folic acid
51
what causes anaemia?
``` decreased RBC or haemoglobin synthesis decreased nutrition increased blood loss RBC destruction (haemolytic) RBC deformed (sickle cell) ```
52
what causes diet induced anaemia?
reduced intake of : iron, B12, folic acid
53
what is macrocytic and microcytic anaemia?
macro - RBC too large | micro - RBC too small
54
what causes pernicious (microcytic) anaemia?
vitamin B12 deficiency
55
what is haemorrhagic (normocytic) anaemia?
after haemorrhage
56
what is haemolytic anaemia?
malaria | reduced no. RBC
57
what is aplastic anaemia?
bone marrow problems | leukaemia
58
what is haemostasis?
no bleeding - no thrombosis | balanced interaction of blood cells, vasculature, plasma proteins and low molecular weight substances
59
what is primary haemostasis?
temporary platelet plug
60
what is secondary haemostasis?
coagulation | stable clot
61
name the three stages of control of bleeding following vessel injury
1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. blood clotting
62
describe what happens during vascular spasm following a vessel injury
injury prompts constriction of vessel - triggered by pain receptors platelet chemical release (serotonin)
63
describe what happens during platelet plug formation following a vessel injury
1st platelet adhesion - stick to rough surface of vessel | 2nd platelet aggregation - platelets release substances to attract more platelets
64
describe what happens during coagulation following a vessel injury
clotting factors in plasma (thrombin) causing a chemical cascade reaction to activate fibrinogen then fibrin
65
what is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathways?
ex - damage outside blood vessel | in - damage inside blood vessel
66
which coagulation pathway is slower acting?
intrinsic
67
which factors do intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways use?
ex - factors external to blood clotting factors | in - blood clotting factors
68
name the six clotting factors
``` I - fibrinogen II - prothrombin III - thromboplastin IV - Ca2+ VIII - anti-haemophiliac factor A IX - Christmas factor ```
69
how long doe it take for the extrinsic clotting mechanism to begin?
15 secs
70
how long doe it take for the intrinsic clotting mechanism to begin?
3-6 mins
71
describe how a blood clot is stopped by the body
platelets produce chemicals which inhibit clotting heparin in blood inhibits clotting clot dissolves by plasmin
72
what is the term used for a clot being dissolved?
fibrinolysis
73
what is plasmin?
fibrin dissolving enzyme
74
name two natural anticoagulants found in blood
anti-thrombin | heparin (both block action of thrombin)
75
name 4 ways in which haemostatic function can be tested
blood count blood film bleeding time INR
76
what are antigens A and B?
inherited glycoproteins on RBC membrane
77
do people with blood type O have antigens on their RBC's?
no
78
what happens if blood with incompatible antigen's was given?
cause agglutination (clumping) of blood
79
what is your blood group determined by?
the antigen (A & B) or lack of (O)
80
what is a resus group?
the positive or negative part of the blood group
81
what does resus + and - mean?
+ have D antigen | - have no D antigen
82
what can happen if the wrong blood group is given during a blood transfusion?
agglutination - blockage of vessels | haemolysis - free Hb block kidney tubles - DEATH
83
which blood should be given in an emergency and what observation should be made?
O(-) as no antigens | monitor: temp, BP, rash, pain, kidneys
84
during a blood transfusion which blood could a blood group A person receive?
A or O
85
during a blood transfusion which blood could a blood group AB person receive?
A, B, AB or O
86
during a blood transfusion which blood could a blood group O person receive?
O only
87
if the blood to be given is Rh + who can receive the blood
only someone who is Rh+
88
if the blood to be given is Rh - who can receive the blood
anyone + or -
89
what would happen in a first and second pregnancy if the mother was Rh- and the baby was Rh+?
1st pregnancy - mother exposed to Rh+ blood of baby, mother produces anti D antibodies 2nd pregnancy - anti D antibodies attack blood of baby
90
how is haemolytic disease of the new-born treated?
with anti D immunoglobin
91
what are the results of untreated haemolytic disease of the new-born?
severe anaemia toxin brain syndrome rejection of foetus
92
what is thrombosis?
formation of thrombus in vessel
93
what causes a thrombosis?
``` pooling of blood in veins (DVT) damaged vessels (atherosclerosis) ```
94
how does a thrombus form?
fibrin framework - traps platelets and other cells | attaches to vessel wall - impede blood flow and reduces profusion of tissue
95
what plays a major role in venous thrombosis?
coagulation
96
what plays a major role in arterial thrombosis?
platelet aggregation
97
what is an embolus?
fragment or whole thrombus detached from vessel wall
98
what does an embolus do and what can it cause?
blocks small blood vessels | causes: pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction or stroke

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