A & P - Nervous System Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
name the structures associated with the central and peripheral nervous system
A
Central - brain and spinal cord
peripheral - cranial and spinal nerves
2
Q
name the functions of the somatic nervous system
A
motor - skeletal muscle
sensory - pain, temp, touch, pressure, proprioception
special senses
3
Q
name the two arms of the autonomic nervous system
A
sympathetic and parasympathetic
4
Q
what is the function of a neurone?
A
relays info between CNS and PNS or other body systems
5
Q
what is a nerve and what is its function?
A
a bundle of axons which carries info to and from the CNS and the rest of the body
6
Q
how many cranial nerves are there and where do they arise from?
A
12 pairs
brain
7
Q
how many spinal nerves are there and where do they arise from?
A
31 pairs
spinal cord
8
Q
what is the function of the thalamus?
A
relay station for sensory information
9
Q
where are the thalamus and hypothalamus found?
A
diencephalon
10
Q
what is the function of the thalamus and hypothalamus
A
integrating centre for information
hormone secretion - temp, hunger, thirst regulation
11
Q
what is the function of the cerebellum?
A
coordinates movement
maintains balance, posture, muscle tone
12
Q
name the three areas of the brainstem
A
midbrain, pons, medulla
13
Q
what is the function of the brainstem?
A
vital centres - respiratory and cardiovascular
14
Q
which cranial nerves arise from the brainstem?
A
III to XII
15
Q
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
A
hormone secretion
integrating centre of ANS
thermoregulation
hunger and thirst centres
16
Q
what are the sulci of the cerebrum?
A
fissures in the brains surface
17
Q
what are the gyri of the cerebrum?
A
ridges of the brains surface
18
Q
what do the connecting fibres in the cerebrum consist of?
A
white matter
19
Q
what is the basal ganglia of the cerebrum made of?
A
grey matter - nerve cell bodies
20
Q
name the 4 lobes of the cerebrum
A
frontal
partial
temporal
occipital
21
Q
what are the functions of the frontal lobe?
A
motor cortex intellect planning mood social judgement
22
Q
what are the functions of the partial lobe?
A
somatosensory cortex
general sensation
taste
23
Q
what are the functions of the temporal and occipital lobes?
A
auditory
visual
24
Q
where in the cerebrum are the post and pre-central gyrus?
A
either side of the central sulcus
25
what are the functions of the pre and post - central gyrus?
pre - primary motor cortex
| post - primary sensory cortex
26
what is the protective layer between the brain and skull called?
the meninges
27
name the three layers of the meninges
Pia mater
arachnoid mater
Dura mater
28
between which layers of the meninges is the subarachnoid space?
arachnoid mater and pia mater
29
what is contained in the subarachnoid space?
cerebrospinal fluid
30
which mater follow the contours of the brain? which do not?
pia mater - does
| dura mater and arachnoid mater - don't
31
what is the structure and function of the ventricular system in the brain?
ventricles are interconnecting cambers that produce cerebrospinal fluid
32
what are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
supports and protects brain
acts as shock absorber
keeps brain and spinal cord moist
33
where is cerebrospinal fluid secreted from?
choroid plexuses
34
which arteries supply the brain?
internal carotid
| vertebral
35
what could cranial nerves carry?
motor fibres
sensory fibres
both
36
do cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibres?
yes - in 4 pairs
37
name the cranial nerves in order
```
I - olfactory (smell)
II - optic (vision)
III - oculomotor (eye movement)
IV - trochlear (look up and down)
V - trigeminal (facial movement)
VI - abducens (look side to side)
VII - facial (taste & smile)
VIII - vestibulocochlear (hearing)
IX - glossopharyngeal (taste & speech)
X - vagus (digestion & heart rate)
XI - accessory (shoulder shrug)
XII - hypoglossal (tongue movement)
```
38
name the layers of the spinal meninges, from inner to outer
pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater
39
what is the conus medullaris?
the tapered end of the spinal cord
40
what is the cauda equine?
where the spinal cord ends and nerves becomes loose like a horses tail
41
where in the spine would a lumber puncture be performed?
below L1 where the spinal cord stops
42
name the regions of peripheral nerves and the number in each region
```
cervical - 8
thoracic - 12
lumber - 5
sacral - 5
coccygeal - 1
```
43
name a type of single polarised cell
epithelial cells
44
name a highly polarised cell
neurone
45
name the two major types of cell in the nervous system
neurons - conduct impulses
| glia - support neurons
46
name three different structure types of neurons
unipolar
bipolar
multipolar
47
which is the most common type of neuron in the nervous system?
multipolar
48
describe the flow of information through the neuron
dendrites to cell body to axon
49
which cells in the nervous system can divide?
glia
50
which cells are brain cancers most likely to arise from?
glia
51
name 4 types of glia in the CNS and their function
astrocytes (astroglia) - waste removal
oligodendrocytes - myelin production
ependymal cells - cerebrospinal fluid production
microglia - immune function
52
name a type of glia in the PNS and their function
Schwann cells - myelin production
53
what are the differences and similarities between Ogliodendrocytes and Schwann cells?
both make myelin sheath
Ogliodendrocytes - in CNS / have many axons
Schwann cells - in PNS / have single axon
54
what does grey matter consist of?
nerve cell bodies
55
where is grey matter located?
brain - outside (cortex / basal nuclei)
| spinal cord - inner part
56
where is white matter located?
brain - inner part
| spinal cord - outer part
57
what does white matter consist of?
axons and myelin
58
which two processes do most neurons have?
axons
| dendrites
59
what do neurons have in common with other cells?
has cell body with cytosol and organelles
| cell membrane
60
what makes neurons unique to other cells?
can't reproduce
| can trigger action potential
61
what can nerve cells communicate with?
other nerve cells
muscles
glands
62
where do charged ions want to move to?
from an area of high to low concentration
| to an area of opposite charge
63
what can stop charged ions from moving along their concentration/charge gradient?
channels and pumps can be made to stay closed or forced to work
64
what is the membrane potential?
the difference in charge from different ions inside and outside the cell
65
why is a resting cell polarised?
the inside is negatively charged and the outside is positively charged
66
which ion is more abundant outside of a resting cell?
sodium (Na+)
67
what is there lots of inside a resting cell?
protein
68
describe the stimulation of an action potential
neuron stimulated
sodium channels open
sodium rushes into cell
cell becomes depolarised (reversal of electrical potential)
69
describe how the cell repolarises following stimulation
sodium channels close
potassium channels open
K+ moves out of cell
cell returns to negative state inside cell (repolarisation)
70
are action potentials of a fixed size?
yes - all or nothing response
71
if the cell has a greater membrane potential what will the stimulus need to be to trigger an action potential?
stimulus needs to be greater (eg. -70mV needs less stimulus than -90mV)
72
what is the function of myelin on the axon?
insulates the axon so flow of sodium ions (Na+) can travel quickly
73
what happens if the myelin on the axon is damaged or destroyed?
action potential moves slowly down neuron and dissipates more quickly
74
name two types of synapse and the difference between them
electrical - cytoplasm of one neuron touches the next
| chemical - gap between neuron
75
what enters the presynaptic neuron when an action potential reaches the axon end?
calcium - via calcium channels
76
what is calcium needed for in the presynaptic neuron?
to form vesicles of neurotransmitter
77
how does the action potential pass from the pre to the post synaptic neuron?
the presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter which receptors on the postsynaptic neuron detect, opening ion channel to allow sodium to flood in.
78
name 7 neurotransmitters
```
serotonin
dopamine
acetylcholine
GABA
glutamine
noradrenaline
adrenaline
```
79
give three alternative names for a sensory neuron
afferent
somatic
visceral
80
give three alternative names for a motor neuron
efferent
somatic
visceral
81
describe the direction of impulse travel along the afferent and efferent nerve
afferent - away from stimulus
| efferent - to effector muscle or gland
82
what is the Glasgow Coma scale used for?
rapid assessment of consciousness level - checks for correct functioning of nerves
83
outline the Glasgow coma scale scores
8 or less - severe
9-12 - moderate
13 or more - mild to normal
84
what happens to the action potential when the spinal cord is severed?
action potential can't move down neurons
85
what happens to the action potential following stroke?
brain cell death occurs so action potential not triggered
86
what happens to the brain in Alzheimer's disease?
neurons make too much protein leading to tangling and cell death
87
when is the sympathetic division of the nervous system most active?
```
4 F's
fight
flight
fright
fuck
```
88
describe the body's response to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
increased: HR, blood pressure, blood flow to muscles, blood sugar levels,
inhibited: GI peristalsis
relaxes airway
pupil dilation
orgasm
89
describe the body's response to stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system
```
decreased HR
increased GI motility
bronchial constriction
pupil constriction
gastric secretions
```
90
what does nicotine stimulate?
ACh receptors
91
what do nicotinic receptors control?
ion channels
92
where are nicotinic receptors found?
CNS
ANS ganglia
neuromuscular junction
93
does the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system control the ANS?
CNS via hypothalamus
94
name the three neural outputs of the CNS
somatic motor
sympathetic
parasympathetic
95
describe the pre and post ganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system
pre - short
| post - long
96
describe the pre and post ganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic nervous system
pre - long
| post - short
97
what does the ANS innervate?
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
gland cells
98
what is a ganglion?
a collection of nerve cell bodies
99
name two classes of acetylcholine receptor
nicotinic
| muscarinic
100
where are nicotinic receptors located?
sympathetic ganglionic synapse
| parasympathetic ganglionic synapse
101
where are muscarinic receptors located?
parasympathetic post ganglionic synapse
102
which neurotransmitter is used in all preganglionic ANS neurons?
acetylcholine
103
which neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nervous system use in the pre and post ganglionic neurons?
acetylcholine - both
104
which neurotransmitter does the sympathetic nervous system use in the pre and post ganglionic neurons?
pre - acetylcholine
| post - noradrenaline
105
which receptor is at the preganglionic synapse in the sympathetic nervous system?
nicotinic
106
which receptor is at the postganglionic
| synapse in the sympathetic nervous system?
adrengenic
107
explain how adrenaline and noradrenaline are released in the adrenal medulla
acetylcholine acts on nicotinic receptors in the ganglion to release adrenaline and noradrenaline quickly
108
what are muscarinic receptors blocked by?
atropine (antagonist belladonna)
109
what are nicotinic receptors blocked by?
curare (antagonist)
110
which receptor is at the preganglionic synapse in the parasympathetic nervous system?
nicotinic
111
which receptor is at the postganglionic synapse in the parasympathetic nervous system?
muscarinic
112
which hormone is released from the adrenal cortex and why?
cortisol - in response to stress
113
how does cocaine and amphetamine
| affect the sympathetic nervous system?
prolongs action of noradrenaline (and serotonin and dopamine
114
what does the enteric division do?
controls a lot of food transport and digestion
115
give examples of problems with the ANS
orthostatic hypotension (low BP on standing)
inability to sweat/excess sweating
severe constipation
impotence
116
give some examples of reasons why there may be problems with the ANS
```
diabetes
old age
drug/medication
autoimmune degradation of nerves
spinal injury
brain tumours
```
