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Anatomy and Physiology > A & P - digestive system > Flashcards

A & P - digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the digestive system?

A

to provide energy

to build new tissue

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2
Q

what is the structure of the digestive system?

A

a long muscular tube from mouth to anus with modifications in various regions

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3
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

salivary glands, liver and pancreas

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4
Q

what is the central upper abdominal region called?

A

epigastrium

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5
Q

what is the central lower abdominal region called?

A

hypogastrium or suprapubic

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6
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

a double layer of serous membrane which covers the abdominal and pelvic cavities

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7
Q

what is the position of the parietal peritoneum?

A

it lines the body wall

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8
Q

what is the position of visceral peritoneum?

A

it covers the organs

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9
Q

What is the position of the peritoneal cavity?

A

it lies between the parietal and visceral peritoneum, it contains only serous fluid

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10
Q

The intraperitoneal organs are fully covered by the peritoneum, which organs are these?

A

stomach

part of small intestines

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11
Q

The retropertineal organs are partially covered by peritoneum, what are the organs and which position are they in?

A

pancreas and part of duodenum

pushed against posterior abdominal wall

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12
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum which attaches organs to body

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13
Q

What is the Omentum?

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum which attaches one organ to another

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14
Q

Name the 4 basic layers of the gastrointestinal tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa or adventia

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15
Q

where is the mucosa found in the GI tract?

A

forms lining of tract

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16
Q

name the 3 layers of the mucosa

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

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17
Q

what is the function of the epithelium of the mucosa in the GI tract?

A

protective
secretive
absorptive

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18
Q

what is the structure of the lamina propria of the mucosa in the GI tract?

A

connective tissue containing vessels, glands and lymphoid tissue

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19
Q

what is the structure of the muscularis mucosa of the mucosa of the GI tract?

A

smooth muscle
inner-circular
outer-longitudinal

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20
Q

what is the structure of the submucosa?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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21
Q

what is the function of the submucosa?

A

supports mucosa

provides vascular, lymphatic and nerve (submucosal plexus) supply

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22
Q

what is the structure of the muscularis externa?

A

smooth muscle
inner- circular
outer - longitudinal

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23
Q

what is the function of the muscularis externa?

A

GI movements (peristalsis and segmentation)

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24
Q

what lies between the circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa?

A

myenteric plexus

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25
Q

what is the serous?

A

serous membrane that covers structures in the peritoneal cavity

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26
Q

name the 3 branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the GI tract

A

celiac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery

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27
Q

which system allows the blood from the stomach, pancreas, small and large intestine drain into the liver/

A

hepatic portal system

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28
Q

what is the function of the liver?

A

processes nutrients and secretes bile

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29
Q

what is the action of the autonomic nervous system on the GI tract?

A

causes long reflexes- large scale peristalsis etc.

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30
Q

which nerves control autonomic nervous system responses to the GI tract?

A

Vagus and Glossopharyngeal

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31
Q

where are most postganglionic nerves located?

A

enteric nervous system (submucosal and myenteric plexuses)

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32
Q

what action does the enteric nervous system have on the GI tract?

A

short reflexes - local peristalsis and glandular secretions

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33
Q

which glands control digestive function?

A

endocrine glands

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34
Q

what are the functional processes of the digestive system?

A 
motility
digestion
secretion
absorption
protection
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35
Q

name 3 types of mechanical digestion

A

chewing
churning
segmentation

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36
Q

name 4 types of propulsion

A

swallowing
peristalsis
mass movement
elimination of waste

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37
Q

why does food need to be broken down by mechanical digestion?

A

move easily along tract

increase surface area to aid chemical digestion

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38
Q

what is the function of the temporomandibular joint and muscles?

A

aids the action of the teeth

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39
Q

what is the function of the salivery glands?

A

to produce saliva which begins chemical digestion and moistens bolus

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40
Q

what is segmentation?

A

cycles of contraction which fragment bolus and mix with digestive juices

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41
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

waves of muscle contraction which move bolus along

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42
Q

what are mass movements?

A

powerful peristalsis contractions

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43
Q

what stimulates the defecation reflex?

A

faeces in rectum

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44
Q

which sphincter needs conscious effort to relax?

A

external sphincter

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45
Q

what is chemical digestion?

A

breakdown of food into small fragments allowing absorption

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46
Q

what are carbohydrates broken down into during chemical digestion?

A

simple sugars

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47
Q

what are proteins broken down into during chemical digestion?

A

amino acids

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48
Q

what are lipids broken down into during chemical digestion?

A

fatty acids and monoglycerides

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49
Q

where are carbohydrates broken down?

A

mouth

small intestine

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50
Q

where are proteins broken down?

A

stomach

small intestine

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51
Q

where are lipids broken down?

A

mouth

small intestine

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52
Q

name some secretions secreted into the GI tract

A

water, enzymes, hormones

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53
Q

name 2 exocrine glands of the GI tract

A

salivary glands

pancreas

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54
Q

what do endocrine glands secrete?

A

hormones

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55
Q

what is absorption in the GI tract?

A

passage of substances across digestive epithelium to blood or lymph

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56
Q

Where does absorption occur in the GI tract?

A

stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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57
Q

what does the GI tract protect itself against?

A

acids
mechanical trauma
bacteria

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58
Q

what is the action of salivary amylase?

A

starts digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth

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59
Q

what is the action of lingual lipase?

A

starts digestion of lipids in the mouth

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60
Q

how much saliva is produced per day?

A

1 - 1.5 litres

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61
Q

the salivary glands produce serous fluid, what is its function?

A

wash oral cavity

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62
Q

what produces mucin?

A

the salivary glands, for lubrication

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63
Q

why do the salivary glands produce lysozyme?

A

it has antibacterial properties

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64
Q

how long is the oesophagus?

A

25cm long

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65
Q

where do the oesophagus go from and to?

A

pharynx to stomach

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66
Q

what is the oesophagus lined with?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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67
Q

describe the different muscle types of the oesophagus

A

upper third - skeletal
middle third - mixed
lower third - smooth

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68
Q

Which nervous system innervates the oesophagus?

A

autonomic nervous system

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69
Q

which region of the abdomen is the stomach located?

A

epigastrium

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70
Q

what are the functions of the stomach?

A 
storage
mechanical/chemical digestion
protection (kills microorganisms)
absorption (alcohol/ aspirin)
production of intrinsic factors
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71
Q

Describe the structure of the muscles of the stomach - inner, middle and outer

A

inner - oblique
middle - circular
outer - longitudinal

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72
Q

what is the function of rugae in the stomach?

A

increase surface area

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73
Q

what is the function of the mucous cell and neck mucous cell in the gastric pit?

A

secrete mucus

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74
Q

what is the function of the parietal cell in the gastric gland?

A

secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factors

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75
Q

what do the chief cells in the gastric gland secrete?

A

pepsinogen

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76
Q

what do the enteroendocrine cells in the gastric gland secrete?

A

gastrin

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77
Q

how much gastric juice is produced daily?

A

1.5 - 2 litres

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78
Q

what activates the secretion of gastric juice?

A

low pH
gastrin
histamine
ACh

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79
Q

what is the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

kill microbes
breakdown connective tissue (meat) and cell walls (plant)
activates pepsinogen to covert to pepsin

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80
Q

what is the function of pepsin?

A

starts protein digestion

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81
Q

what does gastrin stimulate?

A

secretion of pepsinogen and HCL

contraction of gastric wall

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82
Q

what is the function of intrinsic factors in gastric juice?

A

aids vitamin B12 absorption

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83
Q

what initiates the cephalic phase of gastric activity?

A

sight, smell, taste of food

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84
Q

what initiates the gastric phase of gastric activity?

A

food in stomach

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85
Q

what stimulates gastric juice production in the gastric phase?

A

gastrin

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86
Q

what initiates the intestinal phase of gastric activity?

A

partially digested food in duodenum - slows down gastric juice production and motility

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87
Q

describe the position of the pancreas

A

retroperitoneal

sits in curve of duodenum- posterior to stomach

88
Q

name 3 parts of pancreas

A

head, tail ,body

89
Q

name the sphincter where the pancreatic duct opens into the duodenum

A

sphincter of Oddi

90
Q

how much pancreatic juice is secreted daily?

A

1.5 litres

91
Q

what do the acini cells secrete?

A

enzymes

92
Q

name the types of enzymes the acini cells produce

A

propeptides - digest protein
amylase - digests carbhydrates
lipase - digests fats
ribonuclease and deoxyribonulease - digest RNA and DNA

93
Q

name the 3 propeptides enzymes that the acini cells secrete

A

trysinogen
chymotrysinogen
procarboxypeptidase

94
Q

where are acini cells found

A

pancreas

95
Q

what do duct cells in the pancreas secrete?

A

water

sodium bicarbonate

96
Q

name the endocrine cells of the pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans

97
Q

what do the Islets of Langerhans produce?

A

alpha cells - glucagon

beta cells - insulin

98
Q

describe the position of the liver in the abdominal cavity

A

right hypochodrium and epigastrium

99
Q

what is the weight of the liver?

A

1.5 kg

100
Q

name the 4 lobes of the liver

A

right
left
caudate
quadate

101
Q

what is the function of the liver in relation to the digestive system?

A

bile production

102
Q

what are the dimensions of the gall bladder?

A

8cm long by 4cm wide

103
Q

what is the function of the gall bladder?

A

stores and concentrates bile

104
Q

how much bile can the gall bladder hold?

A

40-70ml

105
Q

what adaption does the gall bladder have which helps it to expand?

A

rugae

106
Q

how long is the small intestine?

A

6 metres

107
Q

mane the 3 modifications that the small intestine uses to increase surface area?

A

pilcae circulares
villi
microvilli (brush border)

108
Q

what are the functions of the small intestines?

A

absorption
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion

109
Q

what leads to the secretion of CCK (cholecystokinin) in duodenum?

A

presence of fat and proteins

110
Q

describe the actions of CCK in chemical digestion

A

pancreatic acini cells - enzymes released
gall bladder - bile released
sphincter of Oddi - relaxes
stomach - reduced gastric motility and secretions

111
Q

describe the actions of secretin in chemical digestion

A

pancreatic ducts - water and sodium bicarbonate released
liver- bile secreted
Stomach - reduced gastric motility and secreation

112
Q

what reduces gastric motility and secretions in the stomach during chemical digestion?

A

CCK and Secretin

113
Q

what converts trysinogen to trypsin during protein digestion?

A

enterokinase (located on brush border in duodenum)

114
Q

what does trypsin activate?

A

other propeptides

115
Q

what does the propeptide Chymotrysinogen convert to?

A

trypsinogen

116
Q

what does the propeptide Procarboxypeptide convert to?

A

carboxypeptidase

117
Q

what breaks down proteins into amino acids?

A

activated peptidases (such as trypsinogen)

118
Q

what breaks down carbohydrates?

A

pancreatic amylase

119
Q

what does pancreatic amylase break carbohydrates into?

A

disaccharides

trisaccharides

120
Q

what coverts disaccharides and trisaccharides into monosaccharides?

A

brush border enzymes

121
Q

what coverts maltose?

A

maltase

122
Q

what coverts lactose?

A

lactase

123
Q

what converts sucrose?

A

surase

124
Q

how emulsifies large lipid droplets to small?

A

bile

125
Q

what does pancreatic lipase break triglycerides down into during fat digestion?

A

free fatty acids

glycerol

126
Q

what is formed when free fatty acids and glycerol interact with bile salts?

A

micelles

127
Q

how do micelles enter intestinal cells?

A

diffusion

128
Q

what are chylomicrons?

A

triglycerides formed from the re-synthesis of free fatty acids and glycerol

129
Q

how are chylomicrons secreted into interstitial fluid?

A

exocytosis and diffusion into lacteals

130
Q

describe the dimensions of the large intestine

A

1.5m long x 7.5cm diameter

131
Q

name 2 functions of the large intestine

A

absorption of water and electrolytes

storage of undigested materials

132
Q

what is the taenia coli of the large intestine?

A

longitudinal smooth muscle that forms haustra

133
Q

what are the haustra of the large intestine?

A

small pouches caused by sacculation

134
Q

what are epiploic appendages of the large intestine?

A

small pouches of fat

135
Q

what are the crypts of the large intestine?

A

glands in lining

136
Q

what are goblet cells?

A

cells which produce lots of mucus

137
Q

what is the function of bacterial flora in the large intestine?

A

ferment undigested carbohydrate

synthesis vitamins B & K

138
Q

what is the daily amount (of fluid and food) ingested and secreted into the body?

A

9200ml

139
Q

what is the daily amount (of fluid and food)absorbed into the blood?

A

9050ml

140
Q

what is the total amount (of fluid and food) which we excrete daily?

A

150ml

141
Q

what are essential nutrients?

A

nutrients which can only be found in diet

142
Q

what are macronutrients?

A

water, carbs, protein, fats - needed in large amounts

143
Q

what are micronutrients?

A

vitamins and minerals - small amounts needed

144
Q

why do we need nutrients?

A

growth and repair

145
Q

name 3 types of carbohydrate

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

146
Q

name 3 monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose, fructose

147
Q

name 3 disaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

148
Q

name 3 polysaccharides

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose - complex carbs

149
Q

what do all carbohydrates generate?

A

glucose

150
Q

name 3 functions of carbohydrates

A

convert to energy
provide energy stores
form structural components of other molecules eg. glycoprotiens

151
Q

In what form are carbohydrates stored?

A

glycogen

152
Q

what is fibre?

A

animal or plant carbohydrate that can’t be digested

153
Q

what are the functions of fibre?

A

absorb water from intestines, soften stools

provide bulk - increase transit time

154
Q

what is our daily requirement of fibre?

A

24g

155
Q

what is our daily requirement of carbohydrate?

A

230g

156
Q

what are the functions of proteins?

A 
formation of: skeletal muscle
hormones
enzymes
cell membrane receptors
collagen
haemoglobin
157
Q

what is protein broken down to?

A

amino acids

158
Q

what do proteins synthesis?

A

new proteins - transamination in liver

159
Q

how many amino acids are there?

A

20

160
Q

how many amino acids can’t be synthesised by body?

A

8

161
Q

give some examples of amino acids

A 
leucine
phenylalanine
glutamine
lysine
tyrosine
methionine
162
Q

what is our daily requirement of protein?

A

45-60g

163
Q

which protein source plant or animal contains complete proteins and all essential amino acids

A

animal

164
Q

what % of the body is made up of lipids?

A

men 15%

women 25%

165
Q

what is the daily requirement of lipids?

A

70g/ only 20g should be saturated

166
Q

what are lipids the precursor of?

A

steroids
bile salts
vit D
prostaglandins

167
Q

Are lipids higher or lower in energy than sugars?

A

2 x higher

168
Q

name 2 uses of lipids

A

absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

plasma membrane and myelin production

169
Q

how are lipids transported in the blood?

A

as lipoproteins

170
Q

what are lipids the core of?

A

cholesterol and triglycerides

171
Q

what are lipids the outer coating of?

A

proteins and phosolipids

172
Q

name 3 types of lipoproteins

A

high-density (HDLs)
low-density (LDLs)
very low-density (VLDLs)

173
Q

what is the function of chylomicrons?

A

to transport triglycerides and cholesterol from small intestine to liver

174
Q

what is the function of VLDLs?

A

transport triglycerides and cholesterol from liver to adipocytes

175
Q

what is the function of LDLs?

A

transport cholesterol to tissue

176
Q

what is the function of HDLs

A

empty shells made in liver which collect cholesterol dn return to liver for excretion - these are the best forms of lipoprotein

177
Q

name 4 vitamins which the body can store

A

A, D, E, K - they are fat soluble so are stored in fat

178
Q

name 2 vitamins which the body can’t store

A

B and C - they are water soluble so can’t be stored

179
Q

recommended sodium intake?

A

6g per day but only need 2g

180
Q

name some examples of minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, manganese, chlorine, folate

181
Q

name 5 minerals required during pregnancy

A

calcium. folate, zinc, iron, iodine

182
Q

how many servings of carbohydrate is needed daily?

A

6-11

183
Q

what is metabolism?

A

chemical and physical reactions that occur in body to ensure growth and functioning

184
Q

what is anabolism?

A

Building up - small molecules join to form complex structures (uses energy)

185
Q

what is catabolism?

A

breaking down - large molecules to small ones (releases energy)

186
Q

how many kilojoules is in 1 kilocalorie?

A

4.184

187
Q

what is a kilocalorie?

A

heat required to heat 1 litre of water by 1 degree (c)

188
Q

what is metabolic rate?

A

rate of energy released from cells

189
Q

what is basal metabolic rate?

A

energy release required to support vital organs at rest

190
Q

during carbohydrate anabolism what is glucose converted to?

A

glycogen or triglycerides for storage

191
Q

during carbohydrate catabolism what is glucose used to form?

A

ATP by glycolysis or the TCA cycle

192
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

No

193
Q

what happens to glucose during glycolysis?

A

it splits into 2 pyruvic acid - producing 2 ATP

194
Q

what happens to pyruvate if there is no oxygen present?

A

lactic acid is formed - result only 2 ATP

195
Q

what happens to pyruvate if there is oxygen present?

A

pyruvate passes to mitochorion where it is converted to acetyl co enzyme A, it then enters TCA cycle and electron transport chain producing 36 ATP.
add this to 2 ATP formed in glycolysis and total of 38 ATP are formed for 1 glucose molecule

196
Q

what are formed during protein anabolism?

A

new proteins made from amino acids

197
Q

what are formed during lipid anabolism?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

triglycerides during lipogensis from amino acids anf glucose

198
Q

name the 2 metabolic states

A

absorptive

post -absorptive

199
Q

what is the purpose of the absorptive metabolic state?

A

mainly anabolic processes build up stores of energy

200
Q

what is the purpose of the post absorptive metabolic state?

A

mainly catabolic process with breaks down stores for energy

201
Q

why is blood glucose homeostasis important?

A

maintains blood glucose levels

202
Q

what is the normal range of blood glucose?

A
  1. 5-8 mmol/L

3. 5-5.5 mmol/L fasting

203
Q

what is glycogenesis?

A

creation of glycogen from glucose

204
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

205
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

creation of new glucose from amino acids

206
Q

is blood glucose high or low during absorptive state?

A

high

207
Q

what does insulin do? and where is it secreted?

A

lower blood glucose - produced in the beta cells of pancreas

208
Q

how does insulin lower blood glucose? (4)

A

increases entry of glucose into cells
stimulates glycogenesis
stimulates protein and fat synthesis
inhibits gluconeogenesis

209
Q

how is blood glucose level maintained?

A

secretion of glucagon, adrenaline and glucocorticoids

210
Q

where is glucagon secreted from?

A

alpha cells in pancreas

211
Q

what does glucagon stimulate

A

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

212
Q

when are ketones produced?

A

when liver breaks down fats and proteins

213
Q

how are ketones produced?

A

too much acetyl CoA to enter TCA cycle so acetyl CoA converts to ketone bodies

214
Q

which cells need ketone bodies

A

heart and kidneys

215
Q

what is ketoacidosis

A

too many ketones

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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