A & P - skeletal system

Question 1

name the functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

structural support
produce red blood cells
protect internal organs
store calcium
provide leverage for movement

Question 2

what is bone?

Answer 2

a dynamic living tissue
specialised connective tissue
a matrix in which cells are suspended
strong and flexible

Question 3

what is the organic component of bone matrix called and what is it made up of?

Answer 3

osteoid

collagen and protein - strong and flexible but compressed easily

Question 4

what is the inorganic component of bone matrix called and what is it made up of?

Answer 4

hydroxyapatite
mineral salts (mainly calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate) - hard, inflexible and brittle

Question 5

what % of the bone structure is made up of cells?

Answer 5

2%

Question 6

which cells in the bone make new bone?

Answer 6

osteoblasts - secrete osteoid and lay down minerals

Question 7

which cells in the bone maintain the bone matrix?

Answer 7

osteocytes - (mature osteoblasts) found in lacunae

Question 8

which cells in the bone remove minerals from the bone matrix?

Answer 8

osteoclasts - put minerals back into blood, responsible for bone remodelling

Question 9

what are developing osteoblasts called?

Answer 9

osteogenic stem cells

Question 10

name the 2 types of bone tissue

Answer 10

compact and cancellous

Question 11

where is compact bone located?

Answer 11

on surface of bone

Question 12

where is cancellous bone located?

Answer 12

interior of bone (spongy in nature with lots of air spaces)

Question 13

what is the basic functional unit of compact bone?

Answer 13

osteon or haversian system

Question 14

what are interstitial lamaellae?

Answer 14

bone which fills the gaps in between osteons

Question 15

what are circumferential lamaellae?

Answer 15

bone which surrounds the outer surface of the bone

Question 16

what runs up the haversian canal?

Answer 16

blood vessels

Question 17

what is the osteon composed of?

Answer 17

concentric lamaellae

Question 18

where in the osteon can the osteocytes be found?

Answer 18

in between the concentric lamaellae

Question 19

how do the osteocytes communicate with each other in the osteon?

Answer 19

through the canalinuli

Question 20

what forms the cancellous bone?

Answer 20

trabeculae

Question 21

how are the trabeculae arranged in cancellous bone?

Answer 21

haphazardly - allowing for stress from different directions

Question 22

what do the spaces between the trabeculae contain?

Answer 22

bone marrow

Question 23

where is bone marrow found?

Answer 23

between trabeculae

medullary cavity of long bones

Question 24

what is red bone marrow and what does it do?

Answer 24

myeloid tissue

makes RBC’s

Question 25

what is yellow bone marrow and what does it do?

Answer 25

fatty tissue | no longer produces RBC's but can if needed

Question 26

what is the name of a bone that is longer than it is wide?

Answer 26

long bone

Question 27

what is the name of a bone that is nearly equal in length and width?

Answer 27

short bone

Question 28

what is the name of a bone that protect organs?

Answer 28

flat bone

Question 29

what is the name of a bone that serves as a muscle attachment?

Answer 29

irregular bone

Question 30

what is the name for the mid section of a long bone?

Answer 30

diaphysis

Question 31

what is the name for the end section of a long bone?

Answer 31

epiphysis

Question 32

what is the name for the section between the diaphysis and the epiphysis of a long bone?

Answer 32

metaphysis

Question 33

what is the outer surface of a long bone called?

Answer 33

periosteum

Question 34

what is the inner portion of a long bone called?

Answer 34

endosteum

Question 35

name the 2 methods of bone formation

Answer 35

intramembrous ossification | endochondral ossification

Question 36

which method of bone formation occurs in flat bone?

Answer 36

intramembrous ossification

Question 37

explain the process of intramembrous ossification

Answer 37

- mesenchymal cells secrete osteoid - deposition of mineral salts lead to calcification - mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts - blood vessels grow into area - initially only cancellous bone but following remodelling compact bone develops

Question 38

what is bone remodelling?

Answer 38

the replacement of old and injured bone - continues throughout life

Question 39

how are blood calcium levels maintained?

Answer 39

calcium salts are deposited and reabsorbed in bones as required

Question 40

what happens to the bone in areas of physical stress?

Answer 40

it increases in thickness to increase strength

Question 41

which symbol is used to denote a fracture?

Answer 41

#

Question 42

what is a compound fracture?

Answer 42

a fracture were the bone can be seen through the wound in skin or the bone is sticking through skin

Question 43

what is a greenstick fracture?

Answer 43

the ends of the bones are still joined - in children

Question 44

if the ends of the bone are fractured what is the fracture called?

Answer 44

comminuted

Question 45

what is required for good bone healing?

Answer 45

infection free | good blood supply

Question 46

what may delay bone healing?

Answer 46

``` poor blood supply infection tissue between bone ends poor alignment of bone mobility of bone ends ```

Question 47

how long does it usually take for a bone to heal?

Answer 47

8 weeks

Question 48

name the 3 functional classifications of joints

Answer 48

synarthrosis - little/no movement (skull) amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable (vertebrae) diarthrosis - freely moveable (hip)

Question 49

name the 3 structural classifications of joints

Answer 49

cartilaginous - bones held by cartilage (vertebrae) fibrous - bone held by collagenous fibres (skull) synovial - bones separated by joint (hip)

Question 50

what is the function of the fibrous capsule in the synovial joint?

Answer 50

holds bone together

Question 51

what produces synovial fluid?

Answer 51

synovial membrane - also lines cavity

Question 52

where in the synovial joint would the articular cartilage be found?

Answer 52

ends of bones

Question 53

name the 6 different synovial joint classifications

Answer 53

``` ball and socket (hip) hinge (elbow) gliding (sternoclavicular) pivot (atlantoaxial) - between top 2 vertebrae ellipsoid (radiocarpal) saddle (thumb) ```

Question 54

how many bones are in the axial skeleton?

Answer 54

80

Question 55

what does the axial skeleton consist of?

Answer 55

skull sternum ribs spine

Question 56

how many bones are in whole body?

Answer 56

206

Question 57

name the main areas of the skull

Answer 57

``` occipital - back parietal - side upper temporal - side lower frontal - forehead maxilla - facial mandible - jaw ```

Question 58

what are the functions of the skull?

Answer 58

to protect the brain, eyes, ears, tongue. house teeth provide passage of air and food

Question 59

What is the function of the vertebral column?

Answer 59

supports body | protects spinal cord

Question 60

name the regions of the vertebral column and the number of vertebrae in each

Answer 60

``` cervical 8 thoracic 12 lumber 5 sacral 4 coccygeal 1 ```

Question 61

what is the function of the ribs?

Answer 61

protect contents of thorax | important in ventilation

Question 62

how many pairs of true ribs do we have?

Answer 62

7 - join to sternum

Question 63

how many floater ribs do we have?

Answer 63

2 pairs

Question 64

what attaches the ribs to the sternum?

Answer 64

cartilage

Question 65

name the 3 parts of the sternum

Answer 65

manubrium body xiphisternum

Question 66

what is the sternum made from?

Answer 66

ossified cartilage

Question 67

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 67

126

Question 68

name the 4 regions of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 68

pectoral girdle upper limbs pelvic girdle lower limbs

Question 69

what does the pectoral girdle consist of?

Answer 69

scapulae | clavicles

Question 70

which part of the scapula forms the ball and socket joint with the humerus?

Answer 70

glenoid process

Question 71

what is the scapula more commonly known as?

Answer 71

shoulder blade

Question 72

what forms the only articulation between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton?

Answer 72

clavicle

Question 73

what is the correct name for the collar bone?

Answer 73

clavicle

Question 74

name the 3 areas of the upper limb

Answer 74

arm forearm hand

Question 75

in the hand what are the carpels?

Answer 75

wrist bones

Question 76

in the hand what are the metacarpels?

Answer 76

bones through back of hand

Question 77

in the hand what are the phalanges?

Answer 77

bones of fingers

Question 78

name the bone of the arm

Answer 78

humerus

Question 79

what does the humerus articulate with to form the shoulder joint?

Answer 79

glenoid fossa

Question 80

name the bones of the forearm

Answer 80

radius and ulna

Question 81

where does the ulna lie in relation to the radius?

Answer 81

ulna lies medial to the radius

Question 82

name the 2 regions of the pelvic girdle (pelvis)

Answer 82

sacrum | two os coxa

Question 83

name the 3 bones which are fused to form the os coxa

Answer 83

ilium ischium pubis

Question 84

the 3 bones of the os coxa are fused and join at what cup like to form the hip joint?

Answer 84

acetabulum

Question 85

where do the 2 os coxa articulate?

Answer 85

symphasis pubis

Question 86

name the 3 areas of the lower limb

Answer 86

thigh leg foot

Question 87

name the bones of the foot

Answer 87

tarsels - ankle bones metatarcels - bones of foot phalanges - toe bones

Question 88

name the thigh bone

Answer 88

femur

Question 89

name the bones of the leg

Answer 89

tibia | fibula

Question 90

name the knee cap

Answer 90

patella

Question 91

what is the patella?

Answer 91

a sesamoid bone that develops in quadriceps tendon