A & P - Endocrine system

Question 1

what is the function of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

maintaining homeostasis

Question 2

name some examples of homeostatic regulation that the endocrine system is involved in

Answer 2

water / electrolyte balance
blood pressure
body temp.

Question 3

how does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis?

Answer 3

using chemicals (hormones)

• proteins/peptides
• steroids

Question 4

does the endocrine system quicker or slower than the nervous system in maintaining homeostasis?

Answer 4

slower

Question 5

what are hormones?

Answer 5

chemical substance produced by the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs

Question 6

name three hormone groups

Answer 6

peptide (amino acid based)
steroid
amine (amino acid based)

Question 7

describe how a peptide hormones works

Answer 7

binds with membrane receptors

Question 8

how do steroid hormones work?

Answer 8

bind with the cytoplasmic / nuclear receptors

Question 9

how do amine hormones work?

Answer 9

similar to steroids - activate transcription of specific genes

Question 10

what do exocrine and endocrine glands have in common?

Answer 10

both synthesise and store chemical messengers

Question 11

which glands have no ducts?

Answer 11

endocrine

Question 12

where do exocrine and endocrine glands release their hormones?

Answer 12

exo - surface of epithelium

end - into blood

Question 13

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 13

regulation - maintaining homeostasis

Question 14

which releasing hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 14

TRH - Thyrotropin releasing hormone
PRF - prolactin releasing factor
PRIF - prolactin release inhibiting factor
CRH - Corticotropin-releasing hormone 
GnRH - gonadotropin-releasing
GHRH - growth hormone releasing hormone
SS - somatostatin

Question 15

what is the hypothalamus the link between?

Answer 15

the endocrine and the nervous system

Question 16

which hormones are stimulated in the anterior pituitary by the releasing hormones secreted from the hypothalamus?

Answer 16

TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
PRL - prolactin
ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 
LH - luteinising hormone
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
hGH - human growth hormone

Question 17

where are the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and pineal gland located?

Answer 17

brain

Question 18

how many parathyroid glands are there and where are they located?

Answer 18

4 - neck

Question 19

where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 19

on top of kidneys

Question 20

which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland?

Answer 20

TRH - thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 21

what is needed to stimulate T3 and T4 production?

Answer 21

iodine

Question 22

what is the position of the thyroid gland?

Answer 22

sits below Adam’s apple

Question 23

which hormone group do T3 and T4 belong to?

Answer 23

amine

Question 24

where are the T3 and T4 receptors found in the cell?

Answer 24

nucleus
mitochondria - gene expression- increases ATP production
cytoplasm

Question 25

what are the functional outcomes for T3 and T4?

Answer 25

increased: metabolic rate temp. HR / resp. rate

Question 26

what do the C cells in the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 26

calcitonin

Question 27

what does calcitonin do and how?

Answer 27

lowers calcium and phosphate levels in blood by decreasing amount released from bones and increasing excretion by kidneys

Question 28

what does thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulate?

Answer 28

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 29

what does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do?

Answer 29

stimulates breakdown of thyroglobulin into T3 and T4.

Question 30

what is thyroglobulin the precursor of?

Answer 30

T3 and T4

Question 31

what is T4 and what is its structure ?

Answer 31

thyroxine - has 4 iodide ions

Question 32

what is T3 and what is its structure ?

Answer 32

tri - iodothyronine - has 3 iodide ions

Question 33

what happens to T4 at the tissue site?

Answer 33

it converts to T3 (90%)

Question 34

where is the optic chiasm?

Answer 34

above anterior pituitary gland

Question 35

what travels to the anterior pituitary to release hormones?

Answer 35

blood vessels

Question 36

what travels to the posterior pituitary to release hormones?

Answer 36

nerves

Question 37

what does the adrenal gland secrete?

Answer 37

medulla - adrenaline / noradrenaline | cortex - steroid hormones (minerocorticoids and glucocorticoids)

Question 38

what does the pancreas secretes?

Answer 38

insulin - decreases blood glucose levels | glucagon - increases blood glucose levels

Question 39

which hormones use the cAMP mechanism?

Answer 39

``` adrenaline / Noradrenaline ADH ACTH FSH LH TSH PTH Calcitonin Glucagon ```

Question 40

how is Adenylate cyclase activated in peptide hormone action?

Answer 40

cAMP acts as 2nd messenger | opens ion channels and activates enzymes

Question 41

what is the action of a minerocorticoid?

Answer 41

alters the sodium balance

Question 42

give an example of a minerocorticoid

Answer 42

aldosterone

Question 43

where is aldosterone released from?

Answer 43

adrenal cortex

Question 44

how does aldosterone work?

Answer 44

increases osmolality of blood by causing Na+ (sodium) reabsorption from distal convoluted tubule and medullary collecting ducts in the kidney

Question 45

what is a paracrine response?

Answer 45

hormone effect restricted to local environment

Question 46

what is an autocrine response?

Answer 46

self stimulation through cellular production of hormone

Question 47

name some other tissues that are not 'classic' endocrine glands but do secrete hormones

Answer 47

``` heart - ANP kidney - EPO, calcidiol brain - BNP small intestine - CCK, secretin pineal gland - melatonin parathyroid gland - PTH placenta - hCG thymus - thymosin ```

Question 48

name some things that the endocrine and the nervous system both use

Answer 48

chemicals - hormones / neurotransmitters | adrenaline

Question 49

how does the response of the endocrine system differ to that of the nervous system/

Answer 49

endocrine is slower and acts over long distances but the nervous system is faster and acts over short distances

Question 50

what is the hormonal role of adrenaline / Noradrenaline?

Answer 50

released by sympathetic nervous system and by adrenal medulla

Question 51

what is the neural role of adrenaline / Noradrenaline?

Answer 51

released by autonomic nervous system as a neurotransmitter