A & P - Respiratory system Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
name the 3 lobes and 2 fissures of the right lung
A
lobes - superior -middle -inferior fissures - oblique - horizontal
2
Q
name the 2 lobes and 1 fissure of the left lung
A
lobes - superior
- inferior
fissure - oblique
3
Q
where can the visceral pleura be found?
A
covering the lungs - passes into fissures
4
Q
where can the parietal pleura be found?
A
lining the chest wall - continuous with visceral pleura around hilum
5
Q
what is the space between the parietal and visceral pleura called?
A
pleural cavity - filled with serous fluid
6
Q
the respiratory system has two zones, name them and say what they consist of
A
conducting zone -
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
respiratory zone -
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
7
Q
what does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
A
nose nasal cavity paranasal sinuses pharynx larynx
8
Q
what does the lower respiratory tract consist of?
A
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
9
Q
name three important areas of the nasal cavity
A
conchae
meati
paranasal air sinuses
10
Q
what are the functions of the nasal cavity?
A
warm, cleanse and humidify air
detect odour
resonating chamber
11
Q
describe the structure and function of the conchae in the nasal cavity
A
S- ridges in cavity increase surface area, cause turbulence
F - warming, humidifying, filtering air
12
Q
describe the structure and function of the sinuses in the nasal cavity
A
S- tiny bone cavities
F - speech, lighten skull
13
Q
name the four sinuses in the nasal cavity
A
maxilla
sphenoid
frontal
ethemoidal
14
Q
name the three sections of the pharynx
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
15
Q
what is the function of the pharynx?
A
passage for air and food (mucus too)
warm and humidify air
resonating chamber
protection
16
Q
what does the larynx consist of?
A
epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
17
Q
what are the functions of the larynx?
A
route for food and air
protects airway
triggers cough reflex
vocal folds vibrate with expelled air
18
Q
what is the wall of the larynx composed of?
A
9 pieces of cartilage
19
Q
what is the trachea made of?
A
cartilaginous c shaped rings
20
Q
what does the open part of the cartilaginous c shaped rings in the trachea abut?
A
oesophagus
21
Q
describe the respiratory mucosa
A
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
22
Q
what function does the muco-ciliary escalator have?
A
moves dust particles and debris with mucus out of lungs
23
Q
in which direction does the muco-ciliary escalator move mucus? in the upper and lower respiratory tract?
A
upper: down towards pharynx
lower: up towards pharynx
24
Q
what does the bronchial tree consist of?
A
trachea primary bronchi secondary bronchi - 3 r/lung, 2 l/lung tertiary bronchi bronchioles terminal bronchioles
25
which primary bronchi is most likely to have an object lodged in it and why?
right - its shorter
26
what does a bronchus have that a bronchiole does not?
cartilage rings or plates
27
do bronchioles have cilia?
no
28
what are bronchioles made of and which system controls them?
smooth muscle controls by ANS
29
describe which membranes oxygen diffuses through to get from the alveoli to the capillary
squamous epithelial cell then basement membrane then capillary epithelium
30
what makes up the alveoli wall?
type I alveolar cell -squamous epithelium
| type II alveolar cells - septal cells
31
what carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
pulmonary arteries
32
what carries oxygenated blood to the heart?
pulmonary veins
33
what supplies the lung tissue with blood?
bronchial arteries
34
what is pulmonary ventilation?
exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli
35
what is involved in quiet inspiration?
diaphragm - 80%
| external intercostal muscles - 20%
36
what happens during quiet expiration?
diaphragm moves upwards
ribs move down
sternum moves in
37
what muscles are involved in forced inspiration?
```
scalenes
sternocleidomastoid
pectoralis minor and major
internal intercostals
rectus abmoninis
```
38
what muscles are involved in forced expiration?
internal intercostals
oblique and rectus abmoninis muscles
quadratus lumborum
39
what is atmospheric pressure?
pressure exerted by the air and gases surrounding the body
40
what is intrapleural pressure?
opposing forces
| recoil vs. elasticity of chest wall
41
what is created between the pleural membranes in health?
a vacuum - negative intrapleural pressure created which stops lungs from collapsing
42
what should intrapleural pressure be in relation to intra pulmonary pressure?
4mmHg less
43
during expiration what happens to pressure?
increases - as pulmonary cavity gets smaller
44
during inspiration what happens to pressure?
decreases - as pulmonary cavity gets bigger
45
when does air stop entering the lungs?
when intra pulmonary and atmospheric pressure is equal
46
when does air leave the lungs?
when intra pulmonary pressure is more that atmospheric pressure
47
what is pulmonary compliance?
ease with which lungs expand
48
what is high pulmonary compliance?
lungs/ thoracic wall expands easily
| lungs are elastic and have adequate surfacent
49
what is low pulmonary compliance?
lungs resistant to expansion
50
what is pulmonary compliance reduced by?
```
scar tissue on lungs
difficulty expanding lungs
blockage of resp. passage
low level of surfacent
high surface tension
```
51
what regulates the diameter of airways?
smooth muscle
52
in disease/illness such as asthma or COPD what happens to the bronchioles?
they can't expand fully due to increased airflow resistance
53
name some pulmonary function tests
spirometer - measures amount of air entering/ leaving lungs
respiratory volumes
respiratory capacities - combo of different resp. volumes
54
what do the following abbreviations stand for?
IVR
VT
EVR
IVR - inspiratory reserve volume
VT - resting tidal volume
EVR - expiratory reserve volume
55
what are the normal IVR values for men and women?
men - 3300
| women- 1900
56
what are the normal VT values for men and women?
both - 500
57
what are the normal EVR values for men and women?
men - 1000
| women - 700
58
what is forced vital capacity (FVC)?
deep breath followed by rapid maximal exhalation
59
FVC and FEV (forced expiratory volume in a second) at used to diagnosis what? and what are the healthy and abnormal levels?
obstructive disorders eg. asthma
FEV/FVC x 100
>70% healthy
<70% asthma
60
what is Dalton's law of partial pressure?
in mixture of gases each gas exerts its own pressure as if the other gases where not there
61
what is partial pressure?
pressure exerted by each gas
62
how can you work out the partial pressure?
% of gas in mixture x total pressure of mixture =partial pressure
63
describe the solubility in plasma of CO2, O2 and N2
CO2 has a greater solubilty than O2 in plasma
| O2 has a much greater soulilty than N2 (nitrogen) in plasma
64
what is Henry's law?
amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and its partial pressure in air
65
describe the relative partial pressures and solubility of CO2 and O2
partial pressure of O2 is greater than CO2
| solubility of CO2 is greater than O2
66
the exchange of Co2 and O2 must be what in the respiratory system?
equal
67
what does CO2 rely on to make its exchange with O2 equal?
its greater solubility than O2 in plasma
68
what does O2 reply on to make its exchange with CO2 equal?
its greater partial pressure than CO2
69
down which gradient do gases diffuse?
pressure gradient
70
what % of oxygen binds to haemoglobin?
98.5%
71
how many molecules of oxygen can each haeme carry?
4
72
what % of oxygen is carried in plasma?
1.5%
73
if the partial pressure of oxygen is greater what happens?
more oxygen will combine with haemoglobin until saturated
74
if the partial pressure of oxygen is lower what happens?
haemoglobin doesn't hold as much oxygen
75
how does the partial pressure in the alveoli and systemic tissues affect the amount of O2 bound to haemoglobin?
partial pressure in alveoli is greater so more oxygen bound
| partial pressure in tissues is lower so less oxygen is bound
76
what influences the amount of oxygen that the blood will give up?
partial pressure in that area
77
name 5 factors that influence haemoglobin saturation
- carbon dioxide
- temp
- acidity of blood
- 2, 3- diphosphoglycerate
- structure of Hb
78
how does carbon dioxide influence Hb saturation?
increased CO2 cause blood to release oxygen allowing CO2 to bind
79
how does acidity of blood affect Hb saturation?
increased acidity lowers O2 affinity with Hb.
80
how does temperature affect Hb saturation?
increased temperature means more O2 are released from Hb
81
how does 2,3- diphosphoglycerate (DPG)
| affect Hb saturation?
reduces affinity of oxygen to Hb - it is produced during glycosis
82
why does foetal Hb have a greater affinity to O2?
it binds 2,3- diphosphoglycerate (DPG) less strongly
83
what % of CO2 is dissolved in plasma?
~ 7%
84
what % of CO2 is bound to Hb in RBCs?
~ 23% - binds to globin peptide chains
85
where is the highest % of CO2 found in the blood?
as bicarbonate (HCO3-) ion in plasma (~ 70%)
86
what happens if Co2 level in blood increase?
more CO2 moves out of RBCs
87
what happens if Co2 level in blood decrease?
more CO2 moves into of RBCs
88
how much oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged from the alveolar air to RBCs and vice versa? and in which direction?
carbon dioxide - 100% from RBC to alveolar
| oxygen - 100% from alveolar to RBC
89
how much oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged from respiring tissue to capillary blood and vice versa? and in which direction?
carbon dioxide - 100% from tissue to RBC in capillary
| oxygen - 100% from RBC in capillary to tissue
90
name the two pontine respiratory centre
apneustic centre
| pneumotaxic centre
91
what is the function of the apneustic pontine centre
activates and prolongs inspiration
92
what is the function of the pneumotaxic pontine centre
increase breathing rate
| turns off inspiratory area before lungs overfill
93
name the two areas of the medulla involved with respiration
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
| dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
94
what are the functions of the VRG and DRG?
VRG - accessory muscles of inspiration and expiration
| DRG - active during inspiration, modifies rhythm of VRG
95
what factors affect the rate and depth of breathing?
change in body demands
altitude
disease
changing levels in atrial blood : eg CO2, H+, O2
96
which is the most important factor within the atrial blood which is monitored by the body to alter respiration?
CO2
97
how does the body detect increases CO2 in blood?
increased CO2 leads to increased H+, raising blood acidity. This acidity id detected by chemoreceptors
98
what is likely to happen to blood acidity in respiratory disease such as emphysema?
CO2 levels will increase, then H+ level increase. Partial pressure of CO2 increases thus blood becomes acidic leading to respiratory acidosis
99
what happens if a patient is O2 when the partial pressure of CO2 is increased?
partial pressure of CO2 increases further, then chemoreceptors respond to increased H+, returning the PaCO2 to normal by increased ventilation and exhaling more CO2
100
what is hypoxic drive? often seen in COPD patients?
CO2 in retained so chemoreceptors adapt to increased paCO2
101
where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
aortic bodies
| carotid bodies - main O2 receptors
102
where are the central chemoreceptors located?
surface of medulla - primarily monitor pH of CSF
103
what % of change is mediated by the peripheral and central chemoreceptors in response to changes in CO2?
peripheral - 30%
| central - 70%
104
what happens if paCO2 decreases?
blood acidity levels decrease and blood pH rises, leading to respiratory alkalosis
105
what might cause respiratory alkalosis?
hyperventilation or panic attack
106
what happens if the paO2 increases?
free radials are generated leading to coma and death
107
what happens if paO2 decreases?
atrial paO2 must be below 60mmHg,
| then increased ventilation, central chemoreceptors switch off and peripheral chemoreceptors increasing breathing rate
