A & P - Cells, Tissues & Organs, Homeostasis & Water balance

Question 1

name some features of a prokaryote

Answer 1

non nucleus
bacteria
DNA in cytoplasm
few organelles
cell wall

Question 2

name some features of a eukaryote

Answer 2

nucleus
animal, plant or fungi
DNA in nucleus
many organelles
no cell wall (animals)

Question 3

what is the plasma membrane made of?

Answer 3

phospholipid bilayer - semi permeable

Question 4

what is the purpose of the plasma membrane?

Answer 4

control flow of substances in/out of cell - maintaining cell homeostasis (gate keeper)

Question 5

what does cytoplasm contain?

Answer 5

enzymes
products of digestion
waste

Question 6

where can cytoplasm be found?

Answer 6

in space between organelles

Question 7

name the types of endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

rough

smooth

Question 8

which endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on the surface?

Answer 8

rough

Question 9

what is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 9

synthesise proteins (component production)

Question 10

what is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 10

synthesise lipids and steroid hormones (component production)

Question 11

what is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 11

protein packaging (assembly & packaging)

Question 12

in the Golgi apparatus what happens to the proteins when they are packaged?

Answer 12

become vesicles then secretory granules which release hormones

Question 13

what is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 13

synthesise ATP (energy production)

Question 14

what type of respiration are mitochondria needed for?

Answer 14

aerobic cell respiration

Question 15

what is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 15

breakdown foodstuff/waste

destroy proteins/chemicals (recycling centre)

Question 16

where are lysosomes formed?

Answer 16

Golgi apparatus

Question 17

how does the structure of the plasma membrane allow it to carry out its function?

Answer 17

protein channels - allow non-lipid soluble substances through
lipid soluble substances can pass unhindered

Question 18

what is the structure of epithelial tissue?

Answer 18

cells closely packed

attached to basement membrane

Question 19

what is the function of epithelial tissue?

Answer 19

protects/provide barrier
secretion
absorption

Question 20

where is epithelial tissue located?

Answer 20

covers body

lining of cavities, hollow organs & tubes

Question 21

name three types of epithelial tissue and an example of its location in the body

Answer 21

squamous - blood vessels
cuboidal - kidney tubules
columnar - stomach lining

Question 22

what is a single layer of epithelial tissue called?

Answer 22

simple

Question 23

what is two or more layers of epithelial tissue called?

Answer 23

stratified

Question 24

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium and where is it located in the body?

Answer 24

gas/nutrient exchange

blood vessels and alveoli

Question 25

what is the function of stratified squamous epithelium and where is it located in the body?

Answer 25

protection/barrier | oral cavity, anus, vagina

Question 26

what is the function of simple columnar epithelium and where is it located in the body?

Answer 26

secretion/absorption | gall bladder and GI tract

Question 27

what is the function of modified simple columnar epithelium and where is it located in the body?

Answer 27

secretion/absorption adapted with microvilli small intestine

Question 28

what is the function of complex columnar epithelium and where is it located in the body?

Answer 28

muscillary escalator - have cilla and goblet cells | trachea and large airway

Question 29

name 4 types of connective tissue

Answer 29

bone and cartilage ligaments adipocytes blood

Question 30

describe the function of connective tissue

Answer 30

support inflammatory response connects, anchors transport, insulation

Question 31

name some cells which support connective tissue

Answer 31

cologne fibroblasts structural/metabolic support provided

Question 32

name two types of soft connective tissue and their locations in the body

Answer 32

areolar (loose) - membranes around blood vessel, organs, muscle, under skin adipose - around organs and joints

Question 33

name two types of hard connective tissue and their locations in the body

Answer 33

cartilage - at joints | bone - skeleton

Question 34

name 4 types of connective tissue

Answer 34

soft hard fibrous liquid

Question 35

name a type of fibrous connective tissue and describe it

Answer 35

collagen - very dense. long fibres - gives strength and flexiblity

Question 36

name two types of liquid connective tissue and their locations in the body

Answer 36

blood | lymph- both around body

Question 37

name the components of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue

Answer 37

ground substance - fluid fibre cells

Question 38

what is homeostasis?

Answer 38

tendency towards stability of internal environment of healthy organism

Question 39

what is the function of sensor receptors?

Answer 39

continually feedback information

Question 40

In homeostatic terms what is a variable?

Answer 40

factor/event being regulated

Question 41

In homeostatic terms what is the set point?

Answer 41

range in which variable needs to be kept

Question 42

what is positive feedback and give an example?

Answer 42

self amplifying cycle | blood clotting and childbirth

Question 43

what does negative feedback do?

Answer 43

decreases effect of original stimulus

Question 44

name 5 physiological variables which rely on homeostasis?

Answer 44

``` temp pH glucose blood pressure/volume oxygen ```

Question 45

during thermoregulation where are impulses from the skin and brain receptors processed?

Answer 45

hypothalamus

Question 46

which receptors detect changes in blood pressure?

Answer 46

baroreceptors

Question 47

during homeostatic regulation of blood pressure where are impulses from the baroreceptors processed?

Answer 47

medulla oblongata

Question 48

what is negative feedback?

Answer 48

the opposite effect on the variable

Question 49

can the 'set point' of variables change throughout the day?

Answer 49

yes

Question 50

name some causes of dehydration

Answer 50

``` diarrhoea faulty thirst mechanism low water intake excess sweating vomiting ```

Question 51

what is the total amount of water in the body?

Answer 51

32-40litres

Question 52

what % of the body is water?

Answer 52

60%

Question 53

list some reasons why water is important in the body

Answer 53

``` universal solvent chemical reaction occur in water major component of cells & plasma lubricates joints & organs high ability to retain heat/absorb heat stabilises body temp. ```

Question 54

how much intracellular fluid is in the body?

Answer 54

25litres (2/3 or 66%)

Question 55

how much extracellular fluid is in the body?

Answer 55

interstitial - 12litres plasma - 3litres total amount 1/3 or 30%

Question 56

what is osmosis?

Answer 56

water diffusion from high to low concentration

Question 57

what are aquaporines?

Answer 57

pores which allow water to move from one compartment to another

Question 58

what is diffusion?

Answer 58

movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Question 59

how does temperature affect diffusion?

Answer 59

increased temperature makes particles move faster

Question 60

how does an increased concentration gradient affect diffusion?

Answer 60

the steeper the gradient the faster diffusion occurs

Question 61

what is an aqueous solution?

Answer 61

small molecules dissolve

Question 62

what are electrolytes?

Answer 62

small molecules which carry a charge (+ or -) (+) cation (-) anion

Question 63

what are colloids?

Answer 63

proteins or large molecules as solute

Question 64

what are suspensions?

Answer 64

larger molecules than colloid - particles settle out

Question 65

what is osmotic pressure?

Answer 65

pull of solute to move water from high to low concentration

Question 66

what is a mole?

Answer 66

weight of solute per volume of solution (g/per 100mls) | % of solute per volume of solution

Question 67

what is osmolatity? (mmol/kg)

Answer 67

osmolar concentration of plasma. | proportional to number of particles per kg of solvent

Question 68

what is osmolarity? (mmol/l)

Answer 68

osmolar concentration of plasma. | proportional to number of particles per litre of solution

Question 69

what is a solvent?

Answer 69

the liquid in which a solute dissolves

Question 70

what is a solute?

Answer 70

the substance that dissolves in a liquid to form a solution

Question 71

what is a solution?

Answer 71

the mixture formed when a solute has dissolved in a solvent

Question 72

what does the term iso-osmotic mean?

Answer 72

something has equal osmotic pressure

Question 73

what does the term tonicity mean?

Answer 73

measure of osmotic pressure against a semi-permeable membrane

Question 74

what does the term isotonic mean?

Answer 74

equal osmotic pressure

Question 75

what does the term hypotonic mean?

Answer 75

low osmotic pressure in cell but high outside cell (cause cell to swell)

Question 76

what does the term hypertonic mean?

Answer 76

high osmotic pressure in the cell and low outside cell (causes shrinking of cell)

Question 77

which receptors are involved in the thirst mechanism?

Answer 77

baroreceptors and osmoreceptors

Question 78

what do baroreceptors detect?

Answer 78

changes in blood pressure

Question 79

what do osmoreceptors detect?

Answer 79

changes in blood osmolarity

Question 80

which part of the brain receives messages from the baroreceptors and osmoreceptors?

Answer 80

hypothalamus

Question 81

what is the term used for over hydration?

Answer 81

hyponatraemia

Question 82

what is gelofusine, what does it treat and how?

Answer 82

a plasma expander, treats dehydration by replacing lost blood volume temporarily

Question 83

name two types of fluid therapy that are used to treat dehydration

Answer 83

0.9% saline (isotonic) - 0.9g of saline per 100ml water | 5% glucose solution - 5g of glucose per 100ml water

Question 84

which electrolyte is there more of inside a resting cell?

Answer 84

Potassium (K+)

Question 85

which electrolytes is there more of outside a resting cell?

Answer 85

sodium (Na+) Chloride (Cl-) Calcium (Ca2+)

Question 86

name the dominant extracelluar ion

Answer 86

sodium

Question 87

which extracellular ion creates osmotic pressure?

Answer 87

sodium

Question 88

what is sodium needed for?

Answer 88

nerve conduction | propagation of action potential

Question 89

what hormones control sodium?

Answer 89

ANP and Aldosterone

Question 90

what does the steroid hormone ANP (Atrial natriuretic peptide) do?

Answer 90

makes kidneys release salt

Question 91

what does the steroid hormone Aldosterone do?

Answer 91

makes kidneys reabsorb salt