A & P - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Question 1

ENDOCRINE & EXOCRINE secretions

Answer 1

ENDOCRINE: secrete into BLOODSTREAM
EXOCRINE: secrete into DUCTS

Question 2

FAT soluble hormones

Answer 2

directly enter cells nucleus which change DNA being expressed

Question 3

WATER soluble hormones

Answer 3

require first & second messengers because they are unable to enter cell

Question 4

what is required to make a thyroid hormone?

Answer 4

IODINE & TYROSINE

Question 5

NITRIC OXIDE

Answer 5

-is a gas
-acts both as transmitter & hormone
-produced in endothelial cells that line blood vessels
-is a potent VASODILATOR

Question 6

EICOSANOIDS

Answer 6

Increase inflammation
Leukotrienes & prostaglandins
Act as signalling hormones
NOT fat soluble
made of arachidonic acid

Question 7

Where do the nervous system & endocrine system most directly communicate?

Answer 7

HYPOTHALAMUS

Question 8

Insulin-like Growth Factor is produced in the liver in response to which hormone from the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

Human Growth hormone

Question 9

Which hormones stimulate maturation of Oocytes in females?

Answer 9

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Question 10

Which hormone stimulates sperm production in males?

Answer 10

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Question 11

Which hormone triggers ovulation in hormones?

Answer 11

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

Question 12

Which hormones are stored & released in the posterior pituitary?

Answer 12

ADH, Oxytocin

Question 13

Which tissues are targets for oxytocin?

Answer 13

Uterus & breasts (mammary glands)

Question 14

Substances produced by the thyroid gland

Answer 14

T3
T4
Thyroid binding globulin (TBG) - thyroglobulin

Question 15

Effects of the thyroid gland

Answer 15

Increase BMR
Enhance catecholamines
Regulates development & growth of nervous & bone tissue

Question 16

Hormones released by hypothalamus

Answer 16

TRH
GHRH
GHIH
NOT Thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 17

What promotes thyroid gland secretion?

Answer 17

Low levels of T3 & T4 in blood
Increase TRH from hypothalamus
Increase TSH secretion from anterior pituitary
High blood Ca2+
Low BMR
NOT high levels of T3 & T4 in blood

Question 18

Where is calcitonin produced?

Answer 18

Parafollicular cells of thyroid

Question 19

When calcitonin secretion of the thyroid gland increases…

Answer 19

Osteoclast activity decreases so blood calcium levels decrease

Question 20

When parathyroid hormone levels increase…

Answer 20

Osteoclast activity increases, so blood calcium level increases

Question 21

Low levels of blood calcium would directly result in…

Answer 21

Increase PTH, decreased Calcitonin

Question 22

Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla

Answer 22

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
NOT cortisol

Question 23

ZONA GLOMERULUS

Answer 23

Secretes ALDOSTERONE

Question 24

ZONA FASCICULATA

Answer 24

Secretes CORTISOL

Question 25

ZONA RETICULARIS

Answer 25

Secretes ANDROGENS

Question 26

Pancreatic alpha & beta cells produce…

Answer 26

ALPHA → glucagon BETA → insulin

Question 27

Glucagon promotes glycogenolysis in which type of cells?

Answer 27

Hepatocytes

Question 28

Promoting & suppressing appetite

Answer 28

PROMOTE = Ghrelin SUPPRESS = Leptin

Question 29

Which systems are NOT inhibited during a stress response (think running from a bear – you won't want to “eat” or “pee”)

Answer 29

Cardiovascular system = BEING USED Urinary system Digestive system Reproductive system

Question 30

What triggers the release of RENIN from the kidneys?

Answer 30

Decrease in BP

Question 31

What promotes aldosterone secretion from the adrenal glands?

Answer 31

Angiotensin II, from LUNGS

Question 32

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 32

Increase BP Increase Na/ Cl reabsorption Increase K+ secretion DOES NOT increase urine output

Question 33

Paracrine hormones

Answer 33

act on neighbouring cells

Question 34

Autocrine hormones

Answer 34

act on themselves

Question 35

Anterior Pituitary

Answer 35

Adenohypophysis (75% of total weight)

Question 36

Posterior Pituitary

Answer 36

Neurohypophysis (neural tissue)

Question 37

Hypothalamus Capillaries

Answer 37

drain through hypophyseal portal system to capillaries in the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)

Question 38

what does the Hypophyseal Portal System connect?

Answer 38

connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary (blood supply)

Question 39

What is going to change the activities of hypothalamus?

Answer 39

Concentration of hormones in blood (has direct effect on hypothalamus)

Question 40

low levels in blood of T3 & T4

Answer 40

promotes thyroid gland secretions

Question 41

Estrogen & progesterone

Answer 41

secreted from glands

Question 42

HCG stimulates...

Answer 42

Corpus Luteum

Question 43

stress response - chronic stress

Answer 43

Leads to adrenal burnout

Question 44

5 main glands in endocrine system

Answer 44

Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pineal

Question 45

Hormones affecting a local / distal environment in 3 ways

Answer 45

Autocrine = same cell Paracrine = neighboring Endocrine = into bloodstream

Question 46

Response of a target cell to a hormone depends on 3 things

Answer 46

Hormone concentration in blood Abundance of hormone receptors Influence exerted by other hormones

Question 47

THYMUS (thymosin)

Answer 47

increase T cell development

Question 48

melatonin

Answer 48

source: pineal gland darkness increases melatonin which increases sleep

Question 49

anterior pituitary gland - cells types (5)

Answer 49

somatotrophs thyrotrophs gonadotrophs lactotrophs corticotrophs

Question 50

infundibulum attaches the hypothalamus to pituitary gland - blood flow

Answer 50

blood flows from hypothalamus to pituitary

Question 51

atrial natriuretic peptide

Answer 51

decrease BP

Question 52

what does T3 & T4 do and where does it come from

Answer 52

thyroid follicular cells increase BMR

Question 53

lipid soluble hormones

Answer 53

aldosterone & cortisol (cerebral cortex) calcitrol (kidneys) testosterone (testes) estrogen & progesterone (ovaries)

Question 54

water soluble hormones

Answer 54

peptides protein hormones eicosanoids

Question 55

what do somatotrophs produce

Answer 55

human growth hormone

Question 56

what do thyrotropes secrete

Answer 56

thyroid hormone

Question 57

what do gonadotrophs make

Answer 57

FSH & LH

Question 58

what do lactotrophs secrete

Answer 58

prolactin

Question 59

in a lipid soluble hormone, where are the receptors?

Answer 59

inside target cell

Question 60

3 functions of transport proteins

Answer 60

make lipid soluble hormones temporarily water soluble slow down filtration provides hormones in bloodstream

Question 61

decrease of blood pressure in kidneys causes...

Answer 61

increased renin secretion

Question 62

what do corticotrophs secrete

Answer 62

ACTH MSH

Question 63

2 releasing inhibiting hormones

Answer 63

growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Question 64

what regulates metabolism

Answer 64

growth hormone

Question 65

liver produces what

Answer 65

insulin growth factors

Question 66

what does glucagon produce & what does it do

Answer 66

alpha cells increase blood glucose

Question 67

what does insulin produce & what does it do

Answer 67

beta cells decrease blood glucose

Question 68

what does somatostatin produce & what does it do

Answer 68

delta cells inhibits both glucagon & insulin