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A & P II > A & P - URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

A & P - URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

what does the urinary system consist of?

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra

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2
Q

functions of the urinary system

A

-excretion of waste
-regulation of blood ions, blood pH, blood volume, blood pressure, blood glucose
-maintenance of blood osmolarity
-production of hormones

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3
Q

what structures make up the hilum

A

hilum: in cavity of renal sinus
-contains renal pelvis, calyces, branches of renal blood vessels & nerves
-blood supply: starts in hilum in renal artery off abdominal aorta

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4
Q

path of urinary drainage / filtrate through kidney

A

->nephron
->collecting duct
->papillary duct
->minor calyx
->major calyx
->renal pelvis
->ureter
->urinary bladder
->urethra

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5
Q

3 layers of glomerular filtration

A
  1. fenestrations
  2. basement membrane
  3. podocytes with pedicles
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6
Q

how much urine is held in the bladder

A

700-800 ml
1-2L excreted a day

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7
Q

what is the muscle in the bladder called?

A

detrusor

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8
Q

how long the urethra is in male & female

A

female: 4cm long
male: 20cm long

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9
Q

+ / - pressures in nephrons in terms of Bowman’s Capsule

A

filtration pressure:
-glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure: solutes out of blood into bowman’s capsule = promote filtration (+)

-capsular hydrostatic pressure: pressure of fluid filled capsule
-blood colloid osmotic pressure: pressure of plasma proteins pulling on water: solutes back into bloodstream = opposing filtration (-)

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10
Q

primary vs. secondary active transport

A

PRIMARY: Na+, K+ pump (Na one way, K+ the other way)
SECONDARY: anything else
-symporter: transports in SAME direction
-antiporter: transports in OPPOSITE direction

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11
Q

which transport uses symporters & antiporters?

A

SECONDARY active transport

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12
Q

what do you pump in the ascending loop?

A

Na+ - SALT

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13
Q

what is the renal corpuscle made of?

A

Glomerulus: glomerular capillaries -> where filtration takes place
Bowman’s Capsule: surrounds glomerular capillaries

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14
Q

what is secreted at the distal convoluted tubule? (DCT)

A

K+: by leakage
H+: by pumps

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15
Q

DYSURIA (temrinology)

A

painful urination

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16
Q

ENURESIS (terminology)

A

involuntary voiding

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17
Q

NOCTURNAL ENURESIS (terminology)

A

night time bed wetting (young children up to 5)

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18
Q

POLYURIA (terminolgy)

A

excessive urination

19
Q

UREMIA (terminology)

A

toxic levels of urea in bloodstream

20
Q

layers of detrusor & what they hold

A
  1. inner longitudinal: relaxed when peeing
  2. middle circular: form internal urethra sphincter controlled by ANS - involuntary control
  3. outer longitudinal: formed by skeletal muscles - voluntary control
21
Q

level of spinal cord that controls micturition reflex

A

S2 & S3

22
Q

when urinary incontinence is normal vs. when it is not

A

-lack of voluntary control of micturition
normal in infants up to 2-3 years old (muscles not fully developed)

23
Q

path of blood supply to kidneys from abdominal aorta

A

->renal artery off abdominal aorta into hilum
->segmental arteries
->interlobar
->arcuate
->cortical radiate
->afferent arterioles
->glomerular capillaries
->efferent arterioles

24
Q

2 types of nephrons - which dip further into medulla

A

-juxtamedullary nephron: 15-20% of all nephrons, deep in cortex close to medulla = LONG loop of Henle
-cortical nephron: 80-85% of all nephrons, outer portion of cortex = SHORT loop of Henle (thick segment)

25
Q

what type of cells are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

-macula densa cells: specialized cells in ascending loop of Henle
-juxtaglomerular cells: modified smooth muscle fibers in afferent arteriole - secrete RENIN

26
Q

what is unique about the ascending loop?

A

NO WATER - impermeable to water
too thick

27
Q

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)

A

amount of renal filtration formed in all corpuscles of both kidneys in 1 minute
-must be stable (homeostasis)

28
Q

how kidneys regulate GFR - 2 mechanisms

A
  1. by adjusting blood flow in & out
  2. by altering surface area
29
Q

what is a podocyte with pedicle?

A

foot like processes that form filtration slits
-allows smaller proteins, water, vitamins

30
Q

mechanisms that allow kidneys to auto-regulate without an outside influence

A
  1. Myogenic Mechanism
  2. Macula Densa Feedback (tubuloglomerular)
  3. Neuroregulation
  4. Hormonal Regulation
  5. Homeostatic Regulation
31
Q

what hormones increase & decrease GFR, BP, BV

A

-angiotensin II: vasoconstriction - decrease GFR, increase BP
-ANP: increase GFR, decrease BV/BP

32
Q

what does ADH do?

A

increases BV/BP
decreases urine output

33
Q

what does ANP do?

A

decreases BV/BP
increases GFR

34
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

increase water reabsorption & water volume
increase BP

35
Q

different roots of transport between cells

A

-Paracellular Reabsorption: moves substances between slightly leaky adjacent cells (passive process)
-Transcellular Reabsorption: moves substances through an individual tubule cell

36
Q

kidneys - how much water is reabsorbed & where

A

PCT - 65%
Descending Loop - 15%
DCT - 20%
(PCT = most salty area of nephron)

37
Q

what is secreted & absorbed at the PCT

A

ABSORBED: water, Na+, glucose, Cl-, AA, HCO3, Ca+, Mg
EXCRETED: H+, urea, creatinine, ammonium

38
Q

where is urea recycled?

A

collecting duct

39
Q

why do we get rid of urea?

A

to keep medulla more salty & to retain more water

40
Q

what is a calyx?

A

papillary ducts: receives urine from minor & major calyx - then out renal pelvis & ureters

41
Q

order of filtrate passing through nephron

A

->PCT
->Descending limb
->Ascending limb
->DCT
->Collecting duct

42
Q

what does the pituitary gland secrete?

A

hormones - antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

43
Q

DIURETICS

A

caffeine
alcohol

A & P II (9 decks)

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