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A & P II > A & P MIDTERM > Flashcards

A & P MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

steps of cardiac action potential

A

depolarization: Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes in
plateau: Ca2+ channels open, Ca2+ slowly enters (K+ leaves also)
repolarization: K+ channels open, K+ flows out of cell

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2
Q

what vein brings blood back to the heart?

A

superior & inferior vena cava

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3
Q

blood pathway

A

-right atrium -> [tricuspid valve] -> right ventricle -> [pulmonary/ semilunar valve] -> lungs
-left atrium -> [bicuspid/ mitral] -> left ventricle -> aorta -> [aortic semilunar valve] -> systemic circulation

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4
Q

AV valves - tethered to heart strings by…

A

CHORDAE TENDINAE

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5
Q

AV VALVES

A

move blood from atria to ventricles
-tricuspid
-bicuspid

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6
Q

SV VALVES

A

move blood from ventricles to pulmonary circulations
-aortic
-pulmonary

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7
Q

fossa ovalis

A

goes from right atrium to left atrium = BYPASS (& ductus arterioles)

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8
Q

papillary muscles

A

attaches to chordae tendinae

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9
Q

pectinate muscles

A

in wall of right atrium

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10
Q

trabeculae carnae

A

in ventricles
-form ridges & convey electricity

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11
Q

coronary arteries (left & right)

A

LEFT: anterior interventricular branch, circumflex branch
RIGHT: posterior interventricular branch, marginal branch

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12
Q

first branch off aorta

A

coronary sinus

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13
Q

autonomic regulation - what it means for fibers to be auto rhythmic

A

“self excitable”
generate action potentials on their own & trigger cardiac muscle contractions
-SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle of HIS -> left & right bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers

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14
Q

P WAVE

A

atrial depolarization (contraction)

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15
Q

QRS COMPLEX

A

depolarization of ventricles (contract) , atrial repolarization (relax)

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16
Q

T WAVE

A

repolarization of ventricles (relax)

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17
Q

S1 & S2 heart sounds

A

S1: closing of AV valves
S2: closing of SV valves

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18
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

pressure & volume = inversely proportional
pressure goes up, volume goes down

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19
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

gases behave independently from one another
(gas in mixture of gases has it own pressure)

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20
Q

Henry’s Law

A

partial pressures of gases in fluids (liquids)

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21
Q

Rule #1

A

substances flow from high concentration to low concentration (pressure)

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22
Q

when diaphragm & external intercostals contract during inhalation

A

volume in cavity increases
pressure decreases

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23
Q

trachea - C-shaped rings

A

hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

path of air

A

nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles

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25
where do terminal bronchioles lead?
respiratory bronchioles
26
upper vs. lower respiratory tract
UPPER: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx LOWER: larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, segmental bronchi ....
27
EPIGLOTTIS (open vs. close)
open: during breathing closed: during eating/ swallowing
28
where are vocal cords?
inside voice box (larynx)
29
hight pitch (vocal cords)
more tension on vocal cords
30
quiet inhalation (muscles)
diaphragm & external intercostals contract
31
quiet exhalation (muscles)
diaphragm & external intercostals relax
32
forced inhalation (muscles)
SCM, scalenes, pec minor contract
33
forced exhalation (muscles)
abdominal & internal intercostals contract
34
baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, proprioceptors
baroreceptors & chemoreceptors = in aorta & coronary artery proprioceptors = everwhere
35
TYPE I alveolar cells
main site of gas exchange
36
TYPE II alveolar cells
secrete surfactant
37
SURFACTANT
reduce surface tension
38
internal vs. external respiration
INTERNAL: in lungs & everywhere else EXTERNAL: in alveoli
39
conducting vs. respiratory zone
CONDUCTING: no gas exchange occurs here RESPIRATORY: gas exchange occurs here (starts at respiratory bronchioles)
40
how oxygen is transported in blood
hemoglobin (98.5%) -binds 4 iron & 4 oxygen molecules
41
how carbon dioxide is carried in blood
bicarbonate
42
factors that encourage hemoglobin to let go of oxygen molecules
-oxygen partial pressure -Acidity / pH Carbon dioxide partial pressures Temperature BGP: 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate
43
normal quiet breathing
EUPNIA
44
costal breathing
deep, laboured breathing
45
CISTERNA OF CHYLI
origin of left (thoracic) duct drain to lumber & lower extremeties
46
left duct vs. right duct
RIGHT: drains right upper body & head LEFT: drains rest of body
47
LYMPH NODES (T-cell sandwich)
CORTEX: -outer: B cells in lymphatic nodules -inner: T cell MEDULLA: B cells, plasma cells, macrophages
48
flow of lymph through a lymph node
Afferent vessel → subcasular sinus → trabeculae sinus → medullary sinus → efferent vessel → (out through hilum)
49
MALT
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (in GI tract, urinary tract)
50
PEYER'S PATCHES
large cluster of lymphatic nodule (type of malt) -in small intestine
51
LACTEALS
specialized lymphatic capillaries around small intestine -absorbe CHYLE
52
innate immunity
present at birth -first line of defense: skin, mucosa, hairs, fluids -second line of defense: fever, inflammation, NK cells, phagocytes
53
adaptive immunity
acquired over a lifetime -cell mediated: T cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells -antibody mediated: B cells, plasma cells
54
NK cells & phagocytes
innate immunity second line of defense
55
B cells
adaptive immunity antibody mediated active = plasma cells
56
cell mediated
-T cells -T helper cells -Cytotoxic T cells
57
antigen presenting cells
-dendritic cells -macrophages -B cells
58
which type of cells have MHC I
T cells
59
which cells have MHC II
antigen presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic, B cells)
60
which MHC molecule interacts with T helper cell
MHC II
61
MHC with cytotoxic cells
MHC I
62
do adults have a thymus?
NO only active in fetus
63
how do cytotoxic cells & NK cells kill?
perforins granzymes granulyzin
64
3 things that activate compliment system
antibodies bind antigens, lipids & carbs on microbes, macrophages release lectins
65
3 things that result from compliment system
increase phagocytosis, histamine is released, formation of membrane attack complex
66
antibody that arrives first
IgM
67
antibody - breast milk
IgA
68
antibody - allergies
IgE
69
antibody - most abundant & crosses placenta
IgG
70
antibody - activates B cells
IgD
71
antibody - mast cells & basophils
IgE
72
B & T cells born
red bone marrow
73
where is the most red bone marrow found?
flat bones (hip, epiphysis of long bone)
74
where T cells mature
THYMUS
75
SPLEEN - red pulp vs. white pulp
RED: where RBC's go to die - fetus, platelet production WHITE: carry out immune function
76
order of phagocytosis
1. chemotaxis 2. adherence 3. ingestion 4. digestion 5. death
77
where are your kidneys?
retroperitoneal space
78
innate immunity (primary vs. secondary)
PRIMARY: fatty acids, skin, hair, fluids, lysosomes SECONDARY: fever, inflammation (PRISH) (VET), macrophages
79
what cells get to sight of infection first?
neutrophils
80
EPITOPE
part of antibody that is recognized by antigen
81
AGGULATION - proteins responsible?
antibodies (clumping / binding)
82
CYTOKINE
-Interferons -Interleukins -Erythropoietin -Tumor necrosis factor
83
what happens at afferent arteriole when hydrogen ions are put from blood to filtrate
-increase pH filtrate -decrease pH of blood
83
VACCINES
responsible for artificial immunity
83
DIURETICS
caffeine alcohol
83
cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus
-Macula Densa cells – specialized cells in ascending loop of Henle -Juxtaglomerular cells – modified smooth muscle fibers, specialized cells in walls of afferent arteriole
84
5 tonsils
-pharyngeal (adenoid) -2 palatine -2 lingual
85
functions of urinary system
-excretion of wastes -regulation of blood ions, pH, BV, PB, blood glucose -maintenance of blood osmolarity -production of hormones
86
HILUM
renal pelvis, calyces, renal blood vessels & nerves
87
path of urine drainage through kidney
nephron -> collecting duct -> papillary duct -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureters -> urinary bladder -> urethra
88
glomerular filtration: 3 layers
-fenestrations -basement membrane -podocytes with pedicles
89
how much urine can be held in the bladder?
700-800 ml (1-2L excreted a day)
90
filtration pressure
-glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (promote filtration = +) -capsular hydrostatic & blood colloid osmotic pressure (oppose filtration = -)
91
what do you pump in the ascending limb?
Na+ / SALT
92
what is secreted at the DCT?
K+ by leakage H+ by pumps
93
DYSURIA
painful urination
94
ENURESIS
involuntary voiding
95
NOCTURNAL ENURESIS
night time bed wetting
96
UREMIA
toxic levels of urea in bloodstream
97
POLYURIA
excessive urination
98
detrusor layers
-inner longitudinal: relaxed when peeing -middle circular: involuntary -outer longitudinal: voluntary
99
blood supply to kidneys form abdominal aorta
renal artery off abdominal aorta -> segmental arteries -> interlobar -> arcuate -> cortical radiate -> afferent arterioles -> glomerular capillaries -> efferent arterioles
100
2 types of nephrons (which dip further into medulla)
-juxtamedullary nephron: LONG loop of Henle -cortical nephron: SHORT loop of Henle
101
type of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
-macula densa cells: specialized cells in ascending limb -juxtaglomerular cells: modified smooth muscle fibers specialized in walls of afferent arteriole -> secrete renin
102
podocyte with pedicle
foot like processes that form filtration slits - allows smaller proteins, water, vitamins
103
mechanisms that allow kidneys to autoregulate
-myogenic mechanism -macula densa feedback -neuroregulation -hormonal regulation -homeostatic regulation
104
angiotensin II
decrease GFR increase BV/BP
105
ANP
increase GFR decrease BV/BP
106
ADH
increase BV/BP, decrease urine output (aquaporins)
107
aldosterone
increase water reabsorption & water volume increase BP
108
different roots of transport between cells
-paracellular: move substances between leaky cells -transcellular: move substances between individual tubule cell
109
how much water is reabsorbed & where
PCT - 65% Descending loop - 15% DCT - 20%
110
what is secreted & absorbed at the PCT
ABSORBED: water, Na, glucose, Cl, AA, bicarbonate, Mg, Ca EXCRETED: H+, urea, creatinine, ammonium
111
where is urea recycled?
collecting duct
112
filtrate passing through a nephron in order
NEPHRON -> PCT, Descending limb -> ascending limb -> DCT -> collecting duct
113
layers of ureter (internal to external)
-mucosa -lamina propria -muscularis -adventitia

A & P II (9 decks)

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