A&P Exam 1

Question 0

What are the components of the large intestine?

Answer 0

Cecum, colon, rectum

Question 1

Primary functions:
Recover fluid & electrolytes
Store feces until they can be eliminated
Which part of gi tract?

Answer 1

Large intestine

Question 2

Blind sac at ileocecal junction in carnivores

Large in hind gut fermenters

Answer 2

Cecum

Question 3

Part of large intestine where some microbial digestion occurs in all species

Answer 3

Colon

Question 4

What type of species?

Simple, tubular colon; poorly developed cecum

Answer 4

Carnivores

Question 5

What species are hindgut fermenters?

Answer 5

Equidae, rabbits, most rodents (guinea pigs, chinchillas, rats)

Question 6

What type of stimulation generally increases motility in the colon and increased mucus secretion in most species?

Answer 6

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 7

Terminal portion of the large intestine
Nervous system control of motility and secretions similar to colon
Numerous mucus-secreting glands lubricate & aid passage of contents
Sensory receptors detect stretching and stimulates defecation response
Capable of more expansion than colon

Answer 7

Rectum

Question 8

Composed of internal and external muscular sphincters

Answer 8

Anus

Question 9

The internal anal sphincter is under what type of nervous system control?

Answer 9

Autonomic (involuntary)

Question 10

This type of nervous stimulation causes relaxation of the internal anal sphincter

Answer 10

Parasympathetic

Question 11

External anal sphincter is under what type of control?

Answer 11

Voluntary

Question 12

What receptors increase the sense or need for defecation?

Answer 12

Anal mucosal receptors

Question 13

Largest gland in the body

Considered a glad because it produces and excretes bile

Answer 13

Liver

Question 14

Whatever term refers to liver?

Answer 14

Hepatic

Question 15

The liver is divided into several lobes called:

Answer 15

L lateral, l medial, quadrate, r medial, r lateral, caudate

Question 16

Functions of what?
Removes toxins, infectious agents, etc that enter the body through the wall of the gi tract
Stores and metabolizes nutrients absorbed from the gi tract
Produce bile
Synthesize albumin and other proteins
Gluconeogenesis

Answer 16

Liver

Question 17

Blood vessel system that transports blood capillaries in the intestines to capillaries in the liver called hepatic sinusoids

Answer 17

Hepatic portal system

Question 18

Capillaries in the live that fill with blood

Answer 18

Hepatic sinusoids

Question 19

Blood leaves the liver through what vein and then enters the right atrium

Answer 19

Caudal vena cava

Question 20

What types of nutrients are absorbed through the gi tract and are stored in the liver?

Answer 20

Glucose, amino acids, some vitamins minerals

Question 21

What 3 contents is bile made of?

Answer 21

Bile acids, cholesterol, bilirubin

Question 22

These are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine
In bile

Answer 22

Bile acids

Question 23

Excessive hemolysis, impaired liver function, and bile duct obstruction can cause what?

Answer 23

Increased bilirubin

Question 24

Bile is stored in what

Answer 24

Gallbladder

Question 25

Stimulation by what causes gallbladder contraction which forces bile down common bile duct and into the duodenum

Answer 25

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 26

What 2 species do not have a gallbladder?

Answer 26

Horses and rats, continuously secrete bile into duodenum

Question 27

Most bile acids are reabsorbed in the ileum where they enter portal circulation. Therefore, blood levels of bile acids should be

Answer 27

Very low

Question 28

Decreased functional hepatic mass, abnormalities of portal circulation (ports systemic liver shunt), and choke static disease (stasis of the gallbladder) cause bile acid concentrations to

Answer 28

Increase

Question 29

Stasis of the gallbladder

Answer 29

Cholestatic disease

Question 30

Liver synthesizes important blood proteins such as this one. Maintains proper fluid balance in the blood

Answer 30

Albumin

Question 31

What type of levels of albumin cause fluid to leak out of the capillaries resulting in fluid moving into the tissues or body cavities

Answer 31

Decreased albumin

Question 32

Fluid in the tissues

Answer 32

Edema

Question 33

Fluid in a cavity

Answer 33

Effusion

Question 34

Glucose absorbed from gi tract may be stored in the liver as glycogen in a process called

Answer 34

Glycogenesis

Question 35

Glucose stored in the liver is in what form

Answer 35

Glycogen

Question 36

If body is in need of glucose, glycogen is broken down by the liver in a process called

Answer 36

Glycogenolysis

Question 37

Glucose can also be made in the liver from amino acids through a process called

Answer 37

Gluconeogenesis

Question 38

Both and endocrine and exocrine gland

Answer 38

Pancreas

Question 39

The pancreas secretes these 3 enzymes through the pancreatic duct into the small intestine

Answer 39

Amylase Lipase Proteases (trypsin)

Question 40

What enzyme helps with carbohydrate digestion?

Answer 40

Amylase

Question 41

What enzyme aids in fat digestion

Answer 41

Lipase

Question 42

What enzyme aids in protein digestion

Answer 42

Proteases (trypsin)

Question 43

The pancreas also secretes this into the duodenum to help neutralize the acidity of contents and maintains the pH in the duodenum needed for proper enzyme function

Answer 43

Bicarbonate

Question 44

These functions are indicative of what organ and which function of the organ? Beta cells produce insulin which moves glucose from blood to tissues (diabetes mellitus, insulinoma) Alpha cells produce glucagon which stimulates the liver to perform glyconeogenesis or gluconeogenesis.

Answer 44

Endocrine pancreas

Question 45

How does ruminant stomach differ from monogastrics?

Answer 45

1 true stomach and 3 forestomachs, adapted to digesting plants

Question 46

The process of swallowing food, regurgitating it to on it some more before swallowing it again

Answer 46

Rumination

Question 47

Smallest, most cranial compartment of the forestomach compartments Muscular wall is continuous with the rumen and the 2 contract in a coordinated manner Separated from rumen by the ruminoreticular fold

Answer 47

Reticulum

Question 48

Common term for bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis Usually caused by ingestion of sharp metallic objects that settle in the reticulum, and can irritate or even perforate its lining Can even lead to pericarditis

Answer 48

Hardware disease

Question 49

Prevention of hardware disease?

Answer 49

Place magnet in stomach

Question 50

Large fermentative vat Largest forestomach Series of muscular sacs partially separated from one another by long muscular folds of rumen wall called pillars

Answer 50

Rumen

Question 51

Chemical splitting of complex organic compounds into relatively simple substances

Answer 51

Fermentation

Question 52

Series of muscular sacs partially separated from one another by long muscular folds of rumen wall called

Answer 52

Pillars

Question 53

Reticuloruminal contractions allow for these 3 things

Answer 53

Mixing and stirring of contents Regurgitation Eructation

Question 54

Rumen motility is controlled by the

Answer 54

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 55

Rumen pH, presence of volatile fatty acids, consistency of ingesta in the rumen, stretch receptors, and feedback from the brain stem and other parts of the gi tract determine what

Answer 55

Rte and strength of contraction

Question 56

Enzymes produced by the glands in monogastric animals cannot digest what

Answer 56

Cellulose and pectin in the cell wall of plants

Question 57

Microbial proteases do what

Answer 57

Break down protein into peptides

Question 58

Rumen bacterial surfaces have cellulose enzymes that

Answer 58

Convert cellulose into simple sugars

Question 59

Simple sugars and peptides are absorbed by the microbes and converted to

Answer 59

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

Question 60

Some peptides are converted to ammonia and used by the microbe to create their own

Answer 60

Amino acids and proteins

Question 61

VFAs are absorbed into the bloodstream | Liver converts VFAs into

Answer 61

Glucose, adipose tissue, milk fat and other components

Question 62

If a ruminant isn't eating, the microbes eventually die and aren't there to digest food when they start to eat again. Treatment?

Answer 62

Transfaunation

Question 63

Reticulorumen contractions move ingesta and microbes in this forestomach Muscular organ with many muscular folds Breaks food particles down further Absorbs any remaining VFAs Removes bicarbonate ions so they don't interfere with the acid pH of the abomasum Absorbs some water from the ingesta

Answer 63

Omasum

Question 64

True stomach, functions same as a monogastric stomach Only compartment with glandular lining HCl and digestive enzymes, needed for breakdown of feeds, are secreted into abomasum Low pH facilitates initial protein breakdown. And kills bacteria which have spilled over from the rumen Carbs are digested

Answer 64

Abomasum

Question 65

Newborn ruminant's gi tract functions primarily as monogastric gi tract Rumen and reticulum are nonfunctional at birth This groove in the wall of reticulum conveys liquid from the esophagus directly to the omasum Rate of development of the rumen and reticulum affected by type of diet (milk vs grain)

Answer 65

Reticular groove (esophageal groove)

Question 66

Modifications of cecum and colon in nonruminant herbivores allow fermentative digestion in the

Answer 66

Hindgut

Question 67

These are produced by microbes and absorbed from the cecum and colon for energy needs just as in the rumen of ruminants

Answer 67

VFAs