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Spring 2014 > A&P Exam 1 > Flashcards

A&P Exam 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the components of the large intestine?

A

Cecum, colon, rectum

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1
Q

Primary functions:
Recover fluid & electrolytes
Store feces until they can be eliminated
Which part of gi tract?

A

Large intestine

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2
Q

Blind sac at ileocecal junction in carnivores

Large in hind gut fermenters

A

Cecum

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3
Q

Part of large intestine where some microbial digestion occurs in all species

A

Colon

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4
Q

What type of species?

Simple, tubular colon; poorly developed cecum

A

Carnivores

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5
Q

What species are hindgut fermenters?

A

Equidae, rabbits, most rodents (guinea pigs, chinchillas, rats)

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6
Q

What type of stimulation generally increases motility in the colon and increased mucus secretion in most species?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

Terminal portion of the large intestine
Nervous system control of motility and secretions similar to colon
Numerous mucus-secreting glands lubricate & aid passage of contents
Sensory receptors detect stretching and stimulates defecation response
Capable of more expansion than colon

A

Rectum

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8
Q

Composed of internal and external muscular sphincters

A

Anus

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9
Q

The internal anal sphincter is under what type of nervous system control?

A

Autonomic (involuntary)

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10
Q

This type of nervous stimulation causes relaxation of the internal anal sphincter

A

Parasympathetic

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11
Q

External anal sphincter is under what type of control?

A

Voluntary

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12
Q

What receptors increase the sense or need for defecation?

A

Anal mucosal receptors

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13
Q

Largest gland in the body

Considered a glad because it produces and excretes bile

A

Liver

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14
Q

Whatever term refers to liver?

A

Hepatic

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15
Q

The liver is divided into several lobes called:

A

L lateral, l medial, quadrate, r medial, r lateral, caudate

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16
Q

Functions of what?
Removes toxins, infectious agents, etc that enter the body through the wall of the gi tract
Stores and metabolizes nutrients absorbed from the gi tract
Produce bile
Synthesize albumin and other proteins
Gluconeogenesis

A

Liver

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17
Q

Blood vessel system that transports blood capillaries in the intestines to capillaries in the liver called hepatic sinusoids

A

Hepatic portal system

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18
Q

Capillaries in the live that fill with blood

A

Hepatic sinusoids

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19
Q

Blood leaves the liver through what vein and then enters the right atrium

A

Caudal vena cava

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20
Q

What types of nutrients are absorbed through the gi tract and are stored in the liver?

A

Glucose, amino acids, some vitamins minerals

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21
Q

What 3 contents is bile made of?

A

Bile acids, cholesterol, bilirubin

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22
Q

These are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine
In bile

A

Bile acids

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23
Q

Excessive hemolysis, impaired liver function, and bile duct obstruction can cause what?

A

Increased bilirubin

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24
Q

Bile is stored in what

A

Gallbladder

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25
Q

Stimulation by what causes gallbladder contraction which forces bile down common bile duct and into the duodenum

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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26
Q

What 2 species do not have a gallbladder?

A

Horses and rats, continuously secrete bile into duodenum

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27
Q

Most bile acids are reabsorbed in the ileum where they enter portal circulation.
Therefore, blood levels of bile acids should be

A

Very low

28
Q

Decreased functional hepatic mass, abnormalities of portal circulation (ports systemic liver shunt), and choke static disease (stasis of the gallbladder) cause bile acid concentrations to

A

Increase

29
Q

Stasis of the gallbladder

A

Cholestatic disease

30
Q

Liver synthesizes important blood proteins such as this one.
Maintains proper fluid balance in the blood

A

Albumin

31
Q

What type of levels of albumin cause fluid to leak out of the capillaries resulting in fluid moving into the tissues or body cavities

A

Decreased albumin

32
Q

Fluid in the tissues

A

Edema

33
Q

Fluid in a cavity

A

Effusion

34
Q

Glucose absorbed from gi tract may be stored in the liver as glycogen in a process called

A

Glycogenesis

35
Q

Glucose stored in the liver is in what form

A

Glycogen

36
Q

If body is in need of glucose, glycogen is broken down by the liver in a process called

A

Glycogenolysis

37
Q

Glucose can also be made in the liver from amino acids through a process called

A

Gluconeogenesis

38
Q

Both and endocrine and exocrine gland

A

Pancreas

39
Q

The pancreas secretes these 3 enzymes through the pancreatic duct into the small intestine

A

Amylase
Lipase
Proteases (trypsin)

40
Q

What enzyme helps with carbohydrate digestion?

A

Amylase

41
Q

What enzyme aids in fat digestion

A

Lipase

42
Q

What enzyme aids in protein digestion

A

Proteases (trypsin)

43
Q

The pancreas also secretes this into the duodenum to help neutralize the acidity of contents and maintains the pH in the duodenum needed for proper enzyme function

A

Bicarbonate

44
Q

These functions are indicative of what organ and which function of the organ?
Beta cells produce insulin which moves glucose from blood to tissues (diabetes mellitus, insulinoma)
Alpha cells produce glucagon which stimulates the liver to perform glyconeogenesis or gluconeogenesis.

A

Endocrine pancreas

45
Q

How does ruminant stomach differ from monogastrics?

A

1 true stomach and 3 forestomachs, adapted to digesting plants

46
Q

The process of swallowing food, regurgitating it to on it some more before swallowing it again

A

Rumination

47
Q

Smallest, most cranial compartment of the forestomach compartments
Muscular wall is continuous with the rumen and the 2 contract in a coordinated manner
Separated from rumen by the ruminoreticular fold

A

Reticulum

48
Q

Common term for bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Usually caused by ingestion of sharp metallic objects that settle in the reticulum, and can irritate or even perforate its lining
Can even lead to pericarditis

A

Hardware disease

49
Q

Prevention of hardware disease?

A

Place magnet in stomach

50
Q

Large fermentative vat
Largest forestomach
Series of muscular sacs partially separated from one another by long muscular folds of rumen wall called pillars

A

Rumen

51
Q

Chemical splitting of complex organic compounds into relatively simple substances

A

Fermentation

52
Q

Series of muscular sacs partially separated from one another by long muscular folds of rumen wall called

A

Pillars

53
Q

Reticuloruminal contractions allow for these 3 things

A

Mixing and stirring of contents
Regurgitation
Eructation

54
Q

Rumen motility is controlled by the

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

55
Q

Rumen pH, presence of volatile fatty acids, consistency of ingesta in the rumen, stretch receptors, and feedback from the brain stem and other parts of the gi tract determine what

A

Rte and strength of contraction

56
Q

Enzymes produced by the glands in monogastric animals cannot digest what

A

Cellulose and pectin in the cell wall of plants

57
Q

Microbial proteases do what

A

Break down protein into peptides

58
Q

Rumen bacterial surfaces have cellulose enzymes that

A

Convert cellulose into simple sugars

59
Q

Simple sugars and peptides are absorbed by the microbes and converted to

A

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

60
Q

Some peptides are converted to ammonia and used by the microbe to create their own

A

Amino acids and proteins

61
Q

VFAs are absorbed into the bloodstream

Liver converts VFAs into

A

Glucose, adipose tissue, milk fat and other components

62
Q

If a ruminant isn’t eating, the microbes eventually die and aren’t there to digest food when they start to eat again. Treatment?

A

Transfaunation

63
Q

Reticulorumen contractions move ingesta and microbes in this forestomach
Muscular organ with many muscular folds
Breaks food particles down further
Absorbs any remaining VFAs
Removes bicarbonate ions so they don’t interfere with the acid pH of the abomasum
Absorbs some water from the ingesta

A

Omasum

64
Q

True stomach, functions same as a monogastric stomach
Only compartment with glandular lining
HCl and digestive enzymes, needed for breakdown of feeds, are secreted into abomasum
Low pH facilitates initial protein breakdown. And kills bacteria which have spilled over from the rumen
Carbs are digested

A

Abomasum

65
Q

Newborn ruminant’s gi tract functions primarily as monogastric gi tract
Rumen and reticulum are nonfunctional at birth
This groove in the wall of reticulum conveys liquid from the esophagus directly to the omasum
Rate of development of the rumen and reticulum affected by type of diet (milk vs grain)

A

Reticular groove (esophageal groove)

66
Q

Modifications of cecum and colon in nonruminant herbivores allow fermentative digestion in the

A

Hindgut

67
Q

These are produced by microbes and absorbed from the cecum and colon for energy needs just as in the rumen of ruminants

A

VFAs

Spring 2014 (12 decks)

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