Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Spring 2014 > Lab Tech Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lab Tech Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology samples from ____ sites are characterized by the presence of WBC’s, particularly neutrophils and macrophages.

A

inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Introduction of a needle into a body cavity or organ for the purpose of removing fluid.

A

Centesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Taking a variety of shapes & forms; multiple morphologies

A

pleomorphism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Unless the samples are from a moist lesion, swabs must be moistened with ___ before samples are collected.

A

sterile saline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Multiple imprints from different layers of an external lesion is referred to as a ____ preparation.

A

Tzanch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

To ensure adequate fixation of histology samples, slabs of tissue no more than ____ wide should be placed in fluid-tight jars containing formalin at approximately ___ times the specimen’s volume.

A

1 cm

10X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The ___ ___, also called the needle spread technique, is ideal for the preparation of viscous samples.

A

starfish technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Samples with low cellularity and small volume should be prepared with the ___ ____ technique.

A

line smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prepared cytology slides should remain in fixative for __-__ minutes before staining.

A

2-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In fluid samples, total nucleated cell counts of greater than _____ is a common finding with inflammation.

A

5,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Suppurative inflammation is characterized by the presence of greater than ___% of the total nucleated cell count.

A

85

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____ appears as a nucleus that appears swollen, ragged nucleus without an intact nuclear membrane and with reduced staining intensity.

A

Karyolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

____ represents slow cell death (aging) and refers to a small, condensed, dark nucleus.

A

Pyknosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hyperplasia with no criteria of malignancy present in the nucleus of the cells is described as

A

benign neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cells that display at least 3 abnormal nuclear configurations are identified as

A

malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Epithelial cell tumors are also referred to as

A

carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When more than 15% of a cytology sample is composed of macrophages, the sample is classified as ____ or ____.

A

granulomatous or pyogranulomatous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A sample characterized by the presence of large numbers of cells with an eccentrically located nucleus and prominent perinuclear clear zone most likely indicates a

A

plasma cell tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Yeasts, squamous epithelial cells, and ____ organisms are commonly isolated from ear swabs and may not indicate pathology.

A

bacteria/microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In a normal lymph node, the predominant cell type is the

A

lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Epithelial cells that are angular in appearance and have no nuclei or that contain a pyknotic nuclei are described as

A

superficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Reactive lymph nodes contain predominantly small, mature lymphocytes as well as ____ __, lymphoblasts, and intermediate lymphocytes.

A

plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Plasma cells containing secretory vesicles of immunoglobulin are described as

A

occasional Mott cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

___ cells line the body cavities.

A

Endothelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A fluid sample with a high fat content and large number of mature lymphocytes is described as

A

chylothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Normal peritoneal and pleural fluids have less than ___ nucleated cells/uL

A

10,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The following are nuclear criteria of _____: macrokaryosis; increased nucleus:cytoplasm ratio; anisokaryosis; multinucleation; increased mitotic figures; abnormal mitosis - coarse chromatin pattern; nuclear molding; macronucleoli; angular nucleoli; anisonucleoliosis

A

malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Sample with large cell size, round to caudate cell shape, usually high cellularity, clumps or clusters are common.

A

Epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Sample with small to medium cell size; spindle to stellate cell shape; usually low cellularity; clumps or clusters uncommon.

A

mesenchymal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sample with small-medium cell size; round cell shape; usually high cellularity except histiocytoma; clumps or clusters umcommon.

A

Discrete round cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

These are cell types that may be found in ____ cytology samples: parabasal epithelial, intermediate cells - small & large, superficial cells, anuclear superficial cells, RBCs, WBCs, bacteria, sperm, and squamous cells.

A

vaginal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

These are evaluations that may be performed on ___ samples: volume of ejaculate; gross appearance; sperm motility; sperm concentration; live/dead sperm ratio; sperm morphology; other misc cells.

A

semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

fragmentation of a cell nucleus

A

karyorrhexis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

describes tumors of epithelial cell origin

A

carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

tumor arising from melanocytes of the skin or other organs

A

melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

used to describe a tumor or growth that is not malignant

A

benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

paracentesis of the abdomen

A

abdominocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

removal of fluid from the thoracic cavity

A

thoracocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

generic term to describe any growth; often used to describe a tumor, which may be malignant or benign

A

neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

any cancer arising from the cells of connective tissue

A

sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

an effusion characterized by low protein concentration and low total nucleated cell counts

A

transudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

act of puncturing a body cavity or organ with a hollow needle to draw out fluid

A

centesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What type of effusion does this describe: large amt of fluid; clear, colorless, or red tinged; <1,500/uL of TNCC; mixture of monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, & mesothelial cells

A

transudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What cell types are seen in exudate?

A

inflammatory: neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, & eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What color is exudate effusion?

A

turbid, white, slightly yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How much protein is in exudate? Less than or more than 3.0 g/dL?

A

More than

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What cell types are found in modified transudate?

A

lymphocytes, nondegenerative neutrophils, mesothelial cells, macrophages, neoplastic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

microscopic study of diseased tissues; compare cells to their neighbors

A

histopathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The primary purpose of the cytology evaluation is to differentiate ____ and ____.

A

inflammation and neoplasia

50
Q

What type of collection method should be used when imprints, scrapings, and aspirates cannot be made such as fistulous tracts and vaginal cytology.

A

Swab

51
Q

What type of collection method should be used on external lesions on living animals, or tissues removed during sx or necropsy?

A

impression smears

52
Q

What are 2 advantages of impression smears?

A

easy to collect

minimal restraint

53
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of impression smears?

A

fewer cells than scrapings

greater amount of contamination

54
Q

If a Dermatophilus congolensis infection is suspected, the ___ must also be imprinted.

A

underside of the scab

55
Q

If the tissue is not blotted dry before impressions are made, the slides will usually contain only

A

blood/tissue fluid

56
Q

Discrete cells, such as ___ cells and cells of __ __ __, exfoliate well with imprints.

A

inflammatory

round cell tumors

57
Q

____ lesions generally do not exfoliate many cells; however, highly malignant ____ tumors may yield very cellular specimens.

A

Mesenchymal

58
Q

This technique can be used to collect from masses in: lymph nodes, nodular lesions, and internal organs.

A

fine needle biopsy

59
Q

What gauge of needle should be used for a fine needle biopsy?

A

21-25 ga.

60
Q

What volume of syringe should be used for a fine needle biopsy?

A

3-20 ml

61
Q

____ ___ may be preformed by passage of a catheter through an endotracheal tube in an anesthetized animal, through nasal passages, or through the skin & trachea.

A

Tracheal washes

62
Q

This refers to the measures that must be included during each assay run to verify that the test is working properly.

A

Quality control

63
Q

This is defined as the overall program that ensures that the final results reported by the lab are correct.

A

Quality Assurance

64
Q

Means to determine the quality of the results generated by the lab. This is a challenge to the effectiveness of the QA & QC programs.

A

Quality Assessment

65
Q

Can quality assessment be external or internal?

A

both

66
Q

The known, accepted value of a quantifiable property

A

true value

67
Q

the result of an individual’s measurement of a quantifiable property

A

measured value

68
Q

A sample batch is __-___ samples or less.

A

10-20

69
Q

How well a measurement agrees with an accepted value.

A

accuracy

70
Q

How well a series of measurements agree with each other.

A

precision

71
Q

This is an ideal concept which cannot be achieved.

A

True value

72
Q

The value approximating the true value, the difference between the two values is negligible.

A

Accepted true value

73
Q

The discrepancy between the result of the measurement and the true (or accepted true value)

A

error

74
Q

Avoidable error due to controllable variables in the measurement.

A

Systematic error

75
Q

Unavoidable errors that are always present in any measurement. Impossible to eliminate.

A

Random errors

76
Q

Standards used, calibration values, and values of physical constants. Source of error

A

input data required

77
Q

An error which varies in an unpredictable manner, in magnitude and sign, when a large number of measurements of the same quantity are made under effectively identical conditions.

A

Random error

78
Q

An error which, in the course of a number of measurements of the same value of a given quantity, remains constant when measurements are made under the same conditions, or varies according to a definite law when conditions change.

A

Systemic error

79
Q

Purposes of necropsy

A

Establish cause of death
Verify a pre-mortem diagnosis
Establish the efficacy or lack of efficacy of TX prior to animal’s death
Determine whether other animals may be at risk for infection or injury environmental hazards

80
Q

Before beginning a necropsy, you should

A

Be sure client consent is in writing!
Verify patient ID (microchip/tattoo)
Include full identifying info regarding the client on the report form.
Provide complete history of events leading to the necropsy, including cause & time of death.

81
Q

Prior to euthanasia, collect blood in a red top, purple top, and green top, approx ___ ml each if possible.

A

10

82
Q

Euthanasia: use a method that will cause the least amount of ____ change, and not damage tissues of interest.

A

artifactual

83
Q

Methods of euthanasia

A 
gas chamber/induction mask
Parenteral injections: IV, IP, IC
Gunshot or captive bolt
Cervical dislocation
Electrocution
Exsanguinations 
Pithing (slaughtering technique)
84
Q

While necropsy is performed, describe and record all _____. Be specific in descriptions, without drawing conclusions.

A

abnormalities

85
Q

This should be done at what point during the necropsy: report in writing, all the findings of necropsy; tentative conclusions may be made at end of report.

A

After necropsy is completed

86
Q

Never ____ an animal destined for necropsy because it destroys some tissues.

A

freeze

87
Q

These are descriptions of what: well-lit, easy to disinfect, have adequate drainage for fluids & water, large enough to be well-ventilated, apart from surgical & patient areas.

A

necropsy area

88
Q

PPE should include

A

waterproof scrubs or aprons
rubber boots
gloves
goggles & surgical masks

89
Q

Most of the instruments you use will not

A

surgical-grade

90
Q

The large shears are for

A

cutting ribs

91
Q

What instruments should be used for a small animal necropsy?

A 
array of scissors
scalpel w/blade
forceps
hemostats
syringes
92
Q

String is used for what in necropsy?

A

closing off sections of intestine (prevent mixing soft tissue specimens with GI contents)

93
Q

Formalin fixation is usually conplete within ___ hours. Large brains may take ___ hours.

A

24

48

94
Q

A buffered formalin. Most widely used fixative for preserving tissues.

A

10% formalin

95
Q

A mixture of buffered formalin and formaldehyde. Best for larger tissues, or those that are thicker.

A

50% formalin

96
Q

Tissues can be collected for analysis of

A

potential bacteria
viral infection
mycotic infection
mycoplasma infection

97
Q

Before samples are collected for examination what should be done?

A

Diagnostic lab should be contacted for specific advice.

98
Q

Always send several prepared slides to the lab, as well as the

A

remains of the sample

99
Q

Where are we going to collect samples from?

A

primary site of disease

lymph nodes in area of primary site

100
Q

Tissues for ___ ___ should be: collected aseptically, refrigerated in sterile container, or immersed in sterile 50% buffered glycol in sterile container, preserved by freezing.

A

virus isolation

101
Q

Prime specimens for virus isolation include:

A

lung, liver, spleen, kidney & brain

102
Q

Fresh, refrigerated tissue immersed in ____ ___ media is preferred method of tissue submission.

A

virus transport

103
Q

These are samples to collect for what? Blood, urine, stomach contents, liver, kidney, fatty tissue, brain tissue (if not rabies suspect)

A

toxicology samples

104
Q

Any animal suspected of rabies should be handled only with

A

full PPE.

105
Q

Keep the head of the animals suspected of rabies

A

refrigerated.

106
Q

There should always be complete ___ on the specimen containers.

A

labeling

107
Q

Always handle tissues gently. Do not squeeze, stretch or ___ tissues.

A

rinse

108
Q

Containers with formalin should be kept closed except when tissues are placed in them because formalin is a contact irritant and a

A

carcinogen

109
Q

Tissues become rigid with fixation, so if there is a need to retain flatness of tissue, it can be placed on a piece of

A

cardboard before immersion

110
Q

Sections from paired organs may be ___ ___ to distinguish them from each other

A

trimmed differently

111
Q

In case of tumors, there is a way of ____ marking to allow the pathologist to determine cranial, caudal, right & left sides of the lesion.

A

color-coded

112
Q

Critical tissues should be collected from

A

lung, myocardium, liver, spleen, pancreas, stomach, sm intestine, colon, lymph nodes, kidney, urinary bladder, endocrine organs, skeletal muscle, spinal cord

113
Q

Before you begin the necropsy,

A

evaluate gross appearance of animal

114
Q

The dissection should begin with examination of the

A

eye.

115
Q

___ undergoes rapid decomposition after death.

A

Retina

116
Q

Sampling ___ fluid can be particularly useful with some viral diseases, as well as with some neoplasias.

A

ocular

117
Q

Attempt to aspirate fluid from where for cytology?

A

all major joints

thoracic & abdominal cavities

118
Q

If there is ____, place in a sterile container.

A

effusion

119
Q

If the fluid shows any hemolysis or blood products, put some in a tube with

A

anticoagulant - EDTA

120
Q

Necropsy begins with animal in ___ ___ recumbency.

A

left lateral

121
Q

Review necropsy instructions in McCurnin’s and powerpoint p311

A

x

Spring 2014 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions