A & P Final Flashcards
(365 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 orders in the Reptilia class?
A
Crocodylia, Squamata, Chelonia, Rhynocephalia
2
Q
Alligators, caimans, and crocodiles are in which order?
A
Crocodylia
3
Q
Snakes and lizards are in which order?
A
Squamata
4
Q
Turtles, tortoises & terrapins are in which order?
A
Chelonia
5
Q
These types of animals, including reptiles, are unable to generate body heat internally. Body temp depends on environmental temp. 2 exceptions: leatherback sea turtles & pythons
A
Ectotherms/Poikilotherms
6
Q
Reptiles maintain body temps via _____ thermoregulation (basking, coiling).
A
behavioral
7
Q
Reptiles’ ability to thermoregulate depends on access to temperatures within the
A
preferred optimal temperature zone (POTZ)
8
Q
This is the range of temperatures in which the animal can perform all necessary metabolic functions
A
preferred optimal temperature zone (POTZ)
9
Q
Ectotherms regulate temp depending on
A
metabolic needs
10
Q
Ectothermy allows many reptiles to survive on ___ amounts of food.
A
small
11
Q
If temperatures are too ____, reptiles can suffer from digestive problems, immunosuppression, and other disorders.
A
low
12
Q
If temps are too ___, reptiles are forced to maintain a high metabolic rate and may suffer from energy deficits.
A
high
13
Q
Reptiles will undergo ____ or brumation when temps drop below POTZ.
A
hibernation
14
Q
The epidermis of reptiles is made of distinct scales formed by a ___ of the epidermis and is relatively impermeable.
A
folding
15
Q
This type of keratin on reptiles is soft, flexible, and found in the interscalar skin.
A
alpha keratin
16
Q
This type of keratin on reptiles in rigid and found in scales.
A
beta keratin
17
Q
The dermis of reptiles is dense connective tissue that contains blood & lymph vessels, nerves and
A
chromatophores.
18
Q
The subcutaneous space in reptiles is _____, making SQ injections inadvisable.
A
limited
19
Q
The process of shedding the skin is controlled by the
A
thyroid gland
20
Q
Shed skin of reptiles is called
A
exuvia
21
Q
The process of shedding the skin is called
A
ecdysis
22
Q
An enzyme-containing ___ is secreted between old and new epidermal layers during ecdysis.
A
lymph
23
Q
During ecdysis, skin color ___ and spectale opacifies.
A
dulls
24
Q
The term for abnormal shedding of the skin is
A
dysecdysis
25
Causes of dysecdysis include (4)
low humidity, dehydration, underlying illness, lack of cage furniture
26
Tx for dysecdysis
proper husbandry, soaking
27
The iris of reptiles is made of skeletal muscle and is under ___ control.
Voluntary
28
Since the iris of reptiles is under voluntary control, ___ are not predictable.
PLR's
29
Snakes and some lizards have this clear, scale-like structure formed by the fusion of the upper and lower eyelids instead of eyelids.
Spectacle
30
The spectacle is ___ to topical medications
impermeable
31
Most reptiles have ____ developed extraocular muscles, with the exception of chameleons.
poorly
32
Chelonians have no ___ ___ so tears spill over the lid
nasolacrimal duct
33
Most reptiles (exceptions: snakes & crocodilians) have ____ bones which help the eye maintain its shape.
scleral
34
Crocodilians are the only reptiles that have a ____ which help them see better in the dark.
tapetum
35
This structure is found in tuataras and some lizards. It is a rudimentary retina & cornea with no iris, lids, or musculature. It may play a role in hormone production & thermoregulatory behavior.
Parietal eye
36
The parietal eye is connected to the pineal body via the
parietal nerve
37
The location of the heart varies in reptiles. For ____, the heart is on midline just caudal to the thoracic girdle and ventral to the lungs.
chelonians
38
The location of the heart varies in reptiles. For most ____ the heart is within the thoracic girdle.
lizards
39
The location of the heart varies in reptiles. For ____ and some lizards, the heart is more caudal in the coelomic cavity.
Crocodilians
40
The location of the heart varies in reptiles. For ____, the heart is usually at junction of first & second third of the body length but is fairly mobile.
snakes
41
The heart of most reptiles has ___ atria and __ ventricle.
2 atria
| 1 ventrile
42
There are 3 regions within the ventricle that are functionally separate. What are they?
Cavum venosum
Cavum arteriosum
Cavum pulmonale
43
In times of ___ ____, reptiles can shunt blood away from the lungs.
oxygen deprivation
44
____ are the only reptiles that possess a four-chambered heart. It is very different from birds and mammals.
Crocodilians
45
When the vagus nerve of lizards is suddenly stimulated, it sets off a chain of events within the body, most notably a rapid reduction of BP and HR. This is called
vasovagal reflex
46
The vasovagal reflex is triggered by applying gentle pressure to both
eyeballs
47
Mature reptilian RBCs are different from mammalian in what 2 ways?
nucleated, oval
48
The WBC in reptiles that is analogous to neutrophils.
heterophils.
49
Because heterophils do not possess peroxidase & acid phosphatase which break down necrotic material, reptiles produce ___ pus instead of liquid material.
caseous
50
What are the different blood collection sites of reptiles? (5)
```
ventral coccygeal vein
dorsal coccygeal vein
jugular
subcarapacial sinus
cardiac puncture
```
51
Reptiles are capable of surviving long periods without breathing due to their large pulmonary volume, efficient ___ metabolism, and cardiac shunting capabilities.
anaerobic
52
Respiration in reptiles is driven by ___ levels in blood, as compared to CO2 levels in mammals.
O2
53
Reptiles do not have an epiglottis, only a ___ in the rostral portion of the oral cavity.
glottis
54
Paired ___ cartilages border the glottal opening and open during respiration
arytenoid
55
The only vocalizations of reptiles are hissing, grunting, and bellowing. This is because they do not have
vocal cords
56
A glottal keel is present in some species of snakes. This increases
volume of vocalizations
57
Tracheal rings are ___ in chelonians and _____ in lizards and snakes.
complete - chelonians
| incomplete - snakes & lizards
58
The ___ are analogous to alveoli in mammals. They are fixed structures (do not expand or contract) surrounded by capillaries.
faveoli
59
This lung type is a simple, saclike structure. The cranial portion is the site of gas exchange. The caudal portion is avascular and comparable to avian air sac. Snakes and some lizards have this lung type.
Unicameral
60
This lung type is present is chelonians, some lizards, and crocodilians. It has many compartments and possesses intrapulmonary bronchi.
Multicameral
61
This lung type is present in iguanas and chameleons. It has characteristics of both unicameral & multicameral lungs.
Paucicameral
62
Most snakes only have a single ___ lung.
right
63
There is no true ___ in reptiles that would separate the thoracic & abdominal cavity in mammals.
diaphragm
64
Since reptiles do not possess a true diaphragm, they have one cavity called
coelomic cavity
65
The single bone in the middle ear of reptiles is called
columella
66
The columella connects to the tympanum and the ____ bone.
quadrate
67
Since the columella articulates with the quadrate bone, it allows snakes to be very sensitive to ground vibrations transmitted through the
mandibles
68
Concerning feeding, snakes & crocodilians are strict
carnivores
69
Snakes & lizards have deeply forked tongues which function as particle delivery system for vomeronasal organ or _____ organ, an accessory olfactory organ.
Jacobson's
70
Venom glands are ____ salivary glands.
modified
71
Chelonians do not have teeth, instead they have keratinized beaks called
tomia
72
This type of dentition has teeth that are fused to the biting edge of the mandible and maxillae. They do not grow back if lost or broken. It is found in some species of lizards.
acrodont
73
This type of dentition has teeth attached to the periosteum on the medial aspects of both the mandibles and maxillae. Teeth are replaced periodically during the life of the animal. Snakes and iguanid lizards have these.
pleurodont
74
This type of dentition has teeth that arise from the sockets in the skull bones. They are replaced periodically during the life of the animal and are found only in crocodilians.
thecodont
75
Snakes have ___ rows of teeth: 2 mandibular, 2 maxillary, 2 palantine/ptergygoid bones.
6
76
Venom-delivering teeth are ___ with an opening near end where venom expelled.
hollow
77
Fangs receive venom through a duct from __ ___ at its base.
venom gland
78
Contraction of ____ around venom gland forces venom out through the fang.
muscles
79
Can snakes control the amount of venom delivered with each bite?
yes
80
A thin and distensible esophagus is found in a species that consume ____ prey.
large
81
Sea turtles have conical ____ that line the esophagus and aid in swallowing slippery food items.
projections
82
Crocodilians have a thick, ____ stomach comparable to the avian ventriculus.
muscular
83
_____ have longer intestinal tracts.
Herbivores
84
Snakes have a relatively ____ intestinal tract.
straight
85
The colon is ____ and complex in herbivores.
large
86
The ___ is the site of hindgut fermentation in herbivorous lizards and chelonians.
cecum
87
The cecum is ____ or rudimentary in carnivorous reptiles.
absent
88
Snakes have a ___ large liver lobe.
single
89
In chelonians, the spleen is combined with the pancreas to form the
splenopancreas
90
This is the common outflow tract for GI and urogenital tracts.
cloaca
91
The three chambers of the cloaca may be distinctly separated by muscular ___ in some species.
sphincters
92
What are the 3 parts of the cloaca?
coprodeum
urodeum
proctodeum
93
This part of the cloaca receives the rectum.
coprodeum
94
This part of the cloaca receives the urogenital openings: ureters and male reproductive organs of crocodilians and chelonians.
Urodeum
95
If a bladder is present in reptiles, it ____ urine received by the urodeum.
stores
96
This part of the cloaca is the last chamber before the vent.
proctodeum
97
Snakes' kidneys are
lobulated
98
Crocodilians, snakes, & some lizards do or do not have urinary bladders?
do not
99
Reptilian kidneys have ___ ___ renal pelvis.
no distinct
100
Since reptiles do not have ___ __ ___, they are not able to concentrate urine as mammals do.
loop of Henle
101
___ can be absorbed from the urine through the wall of the urinary bladder, rectum, or cloaca.
water
102
Terrestrial reptiles produce __ __ as a waste product. This aids in water conservation.
uric acid
103
Aquatic and semiaquatic reptiles produce ___, urea or both as waste product.
ammonia
104
Following the distal tubule of the nephron, a ___ segment is found that is believed to add secretions to the seminal fluid in males.
sexual
105
Renal portal veins arise from veins of the tail and ___ ____.
hind limb
106
This system allows reptile to discontinue blood flow to the glomeruli and decrease urine production during dehydration, while maintaining blood flow to renal tubules.
renal portal system
107
All male reptiles have internal testes located in the ___ ____ cavity.
dorsal coelomic
108
Do reptile copulatory organs have a urinary function?
no
109
Crocodilians and chelonians have a phallus of ___ tissue rising from the floor of the cloaca.
erectile
110
Snakes and lizards have paired ___ everted from the tail base through the vent.
hemipenes
111
Paired oviducts in reptiles lead to the cloaca and end in the dorsal wall of the
urodeum
112
Species that lay eggs, including crocodilians, chelonians, most lizards, some snakes
oviparous
113
In oviparous species, ___ and ___ is added to ova in the oviduct prior to egg laying.
albumin and shell
114
In these species, the fetuses are retained in the uterine portion of the oviduct.
ovoviviparous
115
Reptiles that digs nests to lay eggs. The act of laying eggs is called
oviposition
116
After oviposition or parturition, are most reptiles involved in the care of their eggs/offspring?
no
| exceptions: crocodilians, pythons & cobras
117
Should reptile eggs be rotated during incubation?
no
118
Sex of reptiles can be determined by what 2 things?
genotype or
| temperature at which eggs are incubated
119
Reptiles and Avians: what are the sex chromosomes for females & males?
F: ZW
M: ZZ
120
For species that do not have sex chromosomes (crocodilians, chelonians, tuataras, & some lizards), higher incubation temps produce ____ in crocodilians and lizards and the opposite in chelonians.
males
| chelonians = females
121
In some snakes, ___ ___ may be larger in males to determine the sex.
pelvic spurs
122
____ chelonians have concave plastron and more distally located vent.
Male
123
Most reptiles have ___ thyroid gland.
one
124
The thyroid hormone is involved in ___ and ___ of reptiles.
ecdysis and growth
125
In reptiles, calcitonin is secreted by _____ bodies.
ultimobrachial
126
Adrenal glands of reptiles are usually within the ligaments that suspend the
gonads.
127
What are the 3 major divisions of the reptilian brain?
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
128
This section of the reptilian brain houses the olfactory lobes, cerebral hemispheres, and diencephalon.
Forebrain
129
This section of the reptilian brain houses the optic lobes, cerebral peduncles, and nerve fibers connecting the forebrain and hindbrain.
Midbrain
130
This section of the reptilian brain houses the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
Hindbrain
131
Reptilian brains do not have surface gyri or sulci, also known as
lissencephalic
132
What are the 2 layers of meninges in reptiles?
pia-arachnoid layer
| dura mater
133
This bone in the snake skull allows for wider opening of the mouth.
quadrate bone
134
____ do not have normal vertebrae, instead they have presacral, sacral, and caudal vertebral regions.
Chelonians
135
In reptiles, a ___ occipital condyle forms the articulation between skull and spine.
sing.e
136
Species that are capable of tail autonomy have ___ ___ along which the tails break.
fracture planes
137
The area of the reptilian skeleton where the scapula and coracoid bone have muscular attachments to the body.
pectoral girdle
138
These are vestigial pelvic limbs of boas and pythons that are found on either side of the vent. They are used in courtship behavior.
spurs
139
Snakes have well developed ____ muscles.
epaxial
140
Reptilian muscles are incapable of sustained ____ metabolism and switch quickly to _____ metabolism with prolonged physical exertion.
aerobic
| anerobic
141
The skin of birds is ___ ___ with the exception of their feet.
very thin
142
The wing web is called the
patagium
143
Because birds lack biliverdin reductase which converts biliverdin to bilirubin, they bruise
green
144
There are ____ muscles in the dermis of birds that allow feather follicles to aid in heat regulation.
smooth
145
This gland, which is absent in most birds, is a holocrine sebaceous gland located in a fold of skin on the floor of the ear canal.
ear gland
146
This gland is located on the dorsal surface at the upper base of the tail. It is larger in aquatic species.
urogpygial (preen) gland
147
___ stimulates secretion of an oily, fatty substance from the uropygial gland.
preening
148
What is the purpose of the uropygial gland?
clean and waterproof feathers
149
The beak of birds is also known as the ____. It is a derivative of skin and grows continuously.
rhamphotheca
150
____ are a horny sheath derived from specialized scales at the end of each toe. They grow continuously.
Claws
151
____ are outgrowths of skin made of protein.
Feathers
152
Feathers are located in specific tracts called
pterylae
153
Bare areas of skin on birds are called
apteria
154
The opening at the base of the feather where it inserts into the skin. Blood vessels pass through this opening when a new feather is developing.
inferior umbilicus
155
The opening on feather shaft where webbed part of the feather begins.
superior umiblicus
156
An accessory feather thought to provide additional insulation. Located at superior umbilicus.
afterfeather
157
The quill, round, hollow, semitransparent. Extends from inferior to superior umbilicus.
calamus
158
The main feather shaft
rachis
159
The flattened part of the feather. Numerous slender, closely spaced barbs that give rise to barbules containing hooklets.
Vane
160
___ interlock each barb with the adjacent one.
Hooklets
161
Flight feathers of the wings and tail. Moved by muscles attached to the walls of the follicles.
contour feathers
162
wing feathers
remiges
163
tail feathers
retrices
164
small contour feathers around external ear openings. improve bird's ability to hear
auriculars
165
Feathers that have main rachis with barbs but no barbules or hooklets. Found under contour feathers. Provide insulation, flexibility for movement of contour feathers, buoyancy
semiplume feathers
166
Soft, fluffy feathers, lack a true shaft, no barbules or hooklets, located next to skin under contour feathers, fx in insulation
down feathers
167
Bare shaft with barbs on the tip. Located on the nape and upper back near contour feathers. nerve endings in follicles may play role in controlling feather movement.
filoplume feathers
168
Modified contour feathers. Stiff rachis with few barbs at base. May play role in sense of touch. May be found around eyes, nostrils, mouth & toes.
bristles
169
Grow continuously at the base. Disintegrate at their tip. Create waxy powder that spreads throughout the rest of the plumage. Cockatoos, cockatiels, african greys
powder down feathers
170
A weakened area on the feather vane where barbs lack barbules. Results from stress that interrupts blood flow during feather growth. Common stressor: poor diet.
stress bar
171
____ begins when a newly developing feather pushes the old feather out.
Molting
172
New feather emerges covered by ____ shaft. Shaft removed by preening.
keratin
173
___ ____ from dermis reach into new feather. When feather is fully grown these dry up.
blood vessels
174
During feather development, a growing feather is called a
blood feather
175
In most species, feather replacement is
symmetrical
176
Feathers develop from ____ in feather tracts of the dermis.
papillae
177
____ stimulate molting and activate cells in papillae.
Hormones
178
The skull, vertebral column, and sternum make up the ___ skeleton of the bird.
axial
179
The pectoral girdle, wings, pelvic girdle, legs, and feet make up the __ skeleton of the bird.
appendicular
180
Birds can move upper and lower bills independently due to the ____ bones in their skulls.
quadrate
181
Birds have a ____ ___ located in the sclera encircling the lens. It strengthens the eye and provides attachment for ciliary muscles.
sclerotic ring
182
The atlas of birds, similar to reptiles, contains a single ___ for attachment to the skull. This allows for greater range of head movements.
condyle
183
Birds have a ___ number of cervical vertebrae than mammals. (greater or smaller)
greater
| 11-25
184
The first few thoracic vertebrae of birds are
fused
185
The strong, bony plate created from fusion of several distal lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and first few coccygeal vertebrae.
synsacrum
186
The bony structure created from fusion of some coccygeal vertebrae. Supports tail feathers.
pygostyle
187
This skeletal structure is large and concave. It is the site of origin of flight muscles. In some species, muscles attach to the large bony ridge or keel. In flightless birds, this lacks a keel.
sternum
188
This bone, aka wishbone, is positioned outward and forward from the body.
clavicle
189
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
paired coracoids, scapulas, clavicles
190
The humerus of birds is air filled or
pneumatic
191
Wing muscles attach at the ___ ___ of the humerus.
pectoral crest
192
The web of skin on the wing, ligament runs along its cranial edge. Provides elasticity to the wing & assists in the aerodynamics of flight
Patagium
193
The first digit that originates from the wrist & carries the alula feathers (steering feathers).
Alula bone
194
The femur is air filled or
pneumatic
195
Birds with one toe facing the rear and the other 3 facing forward
anisodactyl
196
Birds with 2nd & 3rd toes facing forward & 1st and 4th directed backward. Parrots
zygodactyl
197
Intraosseous catheters can be placed in the distal ulna for long term therapy. They should not be placed in which bones?
pneumatic
198
Avian skeletal muscles that are thick in diameter, low blood supply, little myoglobin. Found in short-distance fliers
White fibers
199
Avian skeletal muscles that are thin, have rich supply of blood, fat, myoglobin & mitochondria. Found in long-distance fliers
Red fibers
200
Best sight for IM injections on birds
pectoralis muscle
201
This muscle is used to help chick break shell open and atrophies after hatching.
hatching muscle
202
Iris contains ___ muscles.
Skeletal
203
Is PLR a good diagnostic indicator?
no
204
Eyes are ___ placed in prey species.
laterally
205
The sclera in birds contains the
sclerotic ring
206
Vascular structure in avian eye attached to retina. Distributes nutrition to the eye.
pecten
207
Nocturnal birds have more ___ and less ___.
More rods
| less cone
208
Each avian photoreceptor has a ___ connection with a bipolar nerve cell
single
209
Similar to reptiles, birds have a single bone in the middle ear called the
columella
210
On nocturnal owls: fleshy flap of skin at each external ear opening. Helps funnel sound into the ears.
operculum
211
Ear openings are ____ on nocturnal owls. This helps with vertical location of sound
asymmetrical
212
This gland regulates growth of body & feathers & may stimulate migration urge.
thyroid
213
In birds, this is the site of B lymphocyte differentiation.
Bursa of Fabricius
214
The location of the esophagus in birds is on the ___ side of the neck.
right
215
Expansion of the esophagus is some avian species. Storage pouch for food. Can be a dilation of the esophagus, single pouch or double pouch.
Crop
216
The anterior glandular stomach of birds. Site where chemical digestion begins.
proventriculus
217
Muscular stomach of birds, striated muscles that grind food. Many birds ingest small pieces of grit to aid in grinding food.
Ventriculus (gizzard)
218
The cranial section of the cloaca, receives excrement from the intestine.
coprodeum
219
Section of cloaca that receives discharge from the kidneys & genital ducts.
urodeum
220
The caudal section of the cloaca, stores the excrement.
proctodeum
221
muscular anus
vent
222
The avian heart is __ chambered.
4
223
Similar to reptiles, birds have a __ ___ ___ that shunts blood to the kidneys.
rental portal system
224
____ heat exchange system in lower extremities of some aquatic & terrestrial species. A network of arteries & veins. Blood reaching lower extremities is cooler & less of a temp gradient exists with the environment so less heat loss.
countercurrent
225
Venipuncture sites in birds (3)
jugular vein
brachial vein
medial metatarsal vein
226
Similar to reptiles, RBCs in birds are
oval and nucleated
227
"V" shaped cleft in the palate of birds. Open from nasal chambers into roof of mouth.
choana
228
The ___ of birds does not function in production of sound as in mammals.
larynx
229
Birds: enlargement of trachea cranial to the bifurcation. Voice box, contains muscles, air sacs & vibrating membranes.
syrinx
230
Birds have ___ tracheal rings.
complete
231
The trachea bifurcates into 2 bronchi. Bronchi loose their cartilage rings in the lungs and become
mesobronchi
232
Instead of alveoli, birds have
air capillaries
233
Where is the site of gas exchange in birds?
air capillaries
234
Air sacs make up ___% of the total volume of the respiratory system.
80%
235
What are the 4 paired air sacs?
cervical, cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic, abdominal
236
What is the 1 unpaired air sac?
interclavicular
237
Does gas exchange occur in the air sacs?
no
238
These act as reservoirs for air & provide warmth & moisture to facilitate diffusion of air through the lung capillaries. Aid in thermoregulation, provid buoyancy
air sacs
239
Do birds have a diaphragm?
no
240
How many inspirations & expirations are required to transport one pocket of air through the entire respiratory system?
2 inhalations
| 2 exhalations
241
Since air is "pushed" into the lungs, versus inflating & deflating, there is no __ volume as in mammals. No mixing of old & new air
residual
242
How do birds cool off?
```
bathe
reduce activity level
defecate on legs
adjust feathers
countercurrent heat exchange
```
243
Avian kidneys are elongated with __ divisions.
3
244
Do avian kidneys have a renal pelvis?
no
245
Urine passes through ureters to the ___ of the cloaca
urodeum
246
Do birds have a bladder and urethra?
no
247
Avian urine is primarily composed of
uric acid
248
The excreted product is called a
mute
249
What stimulates release of hormones that directly affect the reproductive process?
increased daylight
250
In both avian sexes, the reproductive organs are larger on the __ side of the body.
left
251
During the nonbreeding season, avian gonads
shrink.
252
Sperm travel in seminal fluid down the vas deferens to a storage pouch called the
seminal vesicle
253
How can copulation be achieved in birds?
penis
| close proximity
254
This section of the oviduct grabs the ovum as it comes out of the ovary
infundibulum
255
This section of the oviduct secretes layers of albumin (egg white) around egg.
magnum
256
This section of the oviduct deposits the keratin shell memebrane.
isthmus
257
This section of the oviduct deposits watery albumin, a hard external shell & pigmentation. Also called the shell gland.
uterus
258
The number of eggs that a female lays and incubates
clutch
259
These birds have a specific number of follicles that develop.
determinate layers
260
These birds can produce more eggs than their normal clutch size.
indeterminate layers
261
___ promotes broodiness (incubation behavior).
prolactin
262
Hormones also stimulate a development of ___ ___, area of skin on the lower abdomen where heat is transferred to the egg.
brood patch
263
As with reptiles, sex chromosomes are similar in birds. What are they?
M: ZZ
F: ZW
264
Hatched with eyes closed and skin bard
altricial
265
Chicks coverd with down, are immobile, eyes may be open or closed.
semialtricial
266
Chicks covered with downy feathers, eyes open, are mobile, leave the nest quickly.
precocial
267
Chicks with downy covering, eyes open, limited movement from the nest.
semiprecocial
268
Which valves are open/closed during atrial and ventricular diastole?
AV valves open
| semilunar valves closed
269
Which valves are open/closed during ventricular systole?
AV valves closed
| semilunar valves open
270
Which valves are open/closed during atrial systole?
AV valves open
| semilunar valves closed
271
What is pleural effusion?
excessive fluid in the thoracic cavity
272
What is pulmonary edema
excessive fluid in lung tissue
273
What is the term for the pacemaker of the heart?
sinoatrial none (SA node)
274
What is the connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta in the fetux?
ductus arteriosus
275
Which sound of the heart is this: ventricular systole, closure of AV valves
S1
276
Which sound of the heart is this: closure of semilunar valves, ventricular diastole
S2
277
What sound of the heart is this: rapid ventricular filling (large animals only)
S3
278
What sound of the heart is this: contraction of atria (large animals only)
S4
279
What side of the chest can the closure of the mitral valve be heard?
left
280
What side of the chest can the closure of the tricuspid valve be hear on?
right
281
What side of the chest can the closure of the aortic & pulomonic valves be heard?
left
282
Which wave of the electrocardiogram: depolarization of atria
P wave
283
Which wave of the electrocardiogram: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
QRS complex
284
Which wave of the electrocardiogram: repolarization of ventricles
T wave
285
In the Triaden system, teeth in the R maxillary quadrant are in the
100 series
286
In the Triaden system, teeth in the L maxillary quadrant are in the
200 series
287
In the Triaden system, teeth in the R mandibular quadrant are in the
300 series
288
In the Triaden system, teeth in the L mandibular quadrant are in the
400 series
289
Which teeth are considered the carnassial teeth in dogs? They are a common place for abscesses
4th premolar in upper arcade
| 1st molar in lower arcade
290
What cells produce hydrogen and chloride in the fundus and body of the stomach?
parietal cells
291
What is the area where the esophagus enters the stomach called?
cardia
292
What is the thin sheet of connective tissue which suspends the digestive tract in the abdomen from the dorsal body wall?
mesentery
293
What is the longest portion of the small intestine?
jejunum
294
Where does fermentation take place in nonruminant herbivores?
large intestine
295
What structures are included in the upper respiratory tract?
nares to trachea
296
What structures are included in the lower respiratory tract?
bronchi to alveoli
297
This structure is commonly elongated in brachycephalic breeds.
soft palate
298
The vocal cords attach to which cartilage?
arytenoid cartilages
299
Where is visceral peritoneum found?
lines the abdominal organs and structures
300
Where is parietal pleura found?
lines the thoracic cavity
301
Where is visceral pleura found?
lines the thoracic organs & structures
302
Where is parietal peritoneum found?
lines the abdominal cavity
303
What happens to increase amounts of mucus produced in the trachea?
cilia move mucus and trapped foreign material back to the pharynx, where it is swallowed or spit out
304
What is the site of external respiration?
alveoli
305
What are the inspiratory muscles?
diaphragm & external intercostal muscles
306
What are the expiratory muscles?
internal intercostal muscles & abdominal muscles
307
What type of receptors are located in the carotid arteries, aorta, and brain stem and monitor CO2, pH, and O2 in the blood?
chemical receptors
308
This digestive compartment of ruminants is known as the "true" stomach.
abomasum
309
Milk is able to bypass which compartments in a young ruminant via the reticular groove?
rumen & reticulum
310
Where are bile acids made?
liver
311
Cells that support neurons structurally and functionally in the nervous system are called what?
glial cells
312
Axons in the PNS are often covered by what?
schwann cells
313
What part of the nervous system controls voluntary nervous system functions?
somatic nervous system
314
What is the absolute refractory period of a neuron?
neuron cannot depolarize regardless of the intensity of the stimulus
315
Are these statements true or false about norepinephrine?
- It is released from the preganglionic neuron in the sympathetic nervous system
- Causes increased GI motility
false
316
What part of the brain is responsible for motor skills?
cerebellum
317
This supplies a rich network of blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the superficial tissues of the brain & spinal cord.
meninges
318
The white matter of the spinal cord contains what?
myelinated nerve fibers
319
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
preganglionic neuron synapses with one or more postganglionic neuron. Preganglionic neuron short, postganglionic neuron long
Sympathetic
320
Sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Preganglionic neuron travels directly from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord to its target organ. Preganglionic neuron long, synapses with short postganglionic neuron in target organ.
Parasympathetic
321
Autonomic reflex arcs involve what target tissues?
smooth muscles, endocrine glands, cardiac muscle
322
A reflex arc commonly used to assess the depth of anesthesia is what?
palpebral reflex
323
Visceral sensations can originate where?
GI, urinary bladder, arteries
324
Nociceptors are not found in what organ?
brain
325
The slit-like opening of the Eustachian tube is located where?
pharynx
326
This ring-shaped structure immediately behind the iris contains muscles that adjust the shape of the lens.
ciliary body
327
Name the type and function of cranial nerve I.
olfactory, sensory, smell
328
Name the type and function of cranial nerve II.
optic, sensory, vision
329
Name the type and function of cranial nerve VIII.
vestibulocochlear, sensory, balance & hearing
330
Name the type and function of cranial nerve X.
vagus, sensory and motor, abdominal and thoracic
331
The pituitary gland is also known as what?
hypophysis
332
Another name for somatotropic hormone is?
growth hormone
333
Hormone secretion is usually controlled by ___ ___ systems.
negative feedback
334
The portal vessels of the endocrine system link the
AP of the pituitary gland with the hypothalamus
335
The posterior pituitary gland receives what hormones from the hypothalamus?
oxytocin and ADH
336
These gland contain glandular and nervous tissue
posterior pituitary
| adrenal gland
337
This structure arises from ovarian follicle cells and produces progestin hormones needed to maintain pregnancy.
corpus luteum
338
In most animals, ovulation occurs when this hormone reaches its peak.
LH
339
Where is ADH released from, where does it have its effect, and what does it do?
Released from PP gland
acts of DCT & collecting ducts
promotes water reabsorption
340
This hormone stimulates strong uterine contractions in the uterus at the time of parturition.
oxytocin
341
These hormones help to maintain blood pressure, resist effects of stress, cause blood glucose to rise, and are also known as steriods.
glucocorticoids
342
The pancreas produces insulin, which functions to:
move glucose into the cells, thereby lowering blood levels of glucose
343
The pineal body produces ____, which affects moods & wake-sleep cycles.
melatonin
344
The kidneys of these animals have a multipyramidal or multilobular appearance.
cattle
345
The majority of reabsorption occurs where in the nephron?
proximal convoluted tubules
346
Secretion is the term used to describe the process of:
waste products in the peritubular capillaries entering the distal convoluted tubules
347
Blood in the glomerular capillaries flows into which vessel next?
efferent glomerular arterioles
348
Aldosterone causes reabsorption of ____ in the distal convoluted tubules
sodium (water follows)
349
The blood in these vessels contain the least amount of waste in the body.
renal vein
350
What happens to the corpus luteum, and what hormones are produced if an ovum has been fertilized and implants in the uterus?
- influenced by continued stimulation of LH
| - produces progestins necessary for maintenance or pregnancy
351
What hormone level must increase (or surge) before ovulation will occur?
LH
352
An influx of ____ into the synaptic knob results in the fusing of vesicles, containing neurotransmitters, with the knobs's cellular membrane.
calcium
353
Norepinephrine is broken down by
- monoamin oxidase in synaptic knob
| - catechol-o-methyl transferase in the cleft
354
Which dog breed is sensitive to ivermectin and why?
Collies, blood brain barrier different than most dogs
355
Where is calcitonin made and what does it do?
kidneys, functions to prevent hypercalcemia
356
Where is ACTH released, what stimulates its release, and where does it have its effect?
Can be released quickly via stimulation of the hypothalamus by other parts of the brain
357
Thyroid hormone affect the metabolism of proteins, lipids an carbohydrates similar to
growth hormone
358
PTH prevents hypocalcemia by all of the following except:
causing kidneys to release calcitonin
359
Aldotserone is a mineralocorticoid that:
causes sodium and water retention, released from adrenal cortex
360
Know the action of thyroid hormone and what stimulates its release.
increases with cold temps
361
A deficiency of antidiuretic hormone in the body causes the disease:
Diabetes insipidus
362
The part of the brain responsible for learning, intelligence, and awareness is
cerebrum
363
The blood brain barrier is found in the
capillaries
364
Postganglionic neuron of the autonomic nervous system releases acetylcholine, what do you not expect to happen?
increased heart rate
365
neurons rely on __ for energy.
glucose
