Repro Exam 3 Flashcards
(275 cards)
1
Q
How much body water (in %) can an animal lose before it dies?
A
10-15%
2
Q
What are the 3 sources for total body water?
A
Drinking water, water in food, metabolic water
3
Q
What are the functions of water in the body?
A
Solvent, transport medium, temperature regulation, participates in digestive processes, elimination of waste products
4
Q
How is water lost from the body? Which method causes the most loss?
A
Urinary excretion = greatest loss; fecal excretion, evaporation
5
Q
What is obligatory water loss?
A
Minimum amount of water required for the body to excrete waste products
6
Q
What is facultative water loss?
A
Additional water excreted to maintain proper water balance
7
Q
What factors affect voluntary water consumption – aka drinking?
A
Ambient temperature, type of diet, physiological status (health, level of exercise), water quality (taste), water temperature
8
Q
What or how can we impact water consumption? (Increase it?)
A
Diet: abundant in water, increasing NaCl content; Increased: environmental temperatures, exercise, energy intake; tepid water preferred to cold water
9
Q
For what reason(s) would we want to increase water consumption?
A
Diarrhea, increased: environmental temperatures, exercise and energy intake
10
Q
How much of the body’s dry weight is protein?
A
50% or more
11
Q
Large organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen; building blocks of proteins
A
amino acid
12
Q
What is the amine group?
A
NH2
13
Q
What is the carboxyl group?
A
COOH
14
Q
What is the “R” group?
A
variant
15
Q
Why are proteins considered acids?
A
made of amino acids ??
16
Q
How many amino acids are there?
A
22
17
Q
What is the difference between a simple and a complex protein?
A
Simple: contain only amino acids
Complex: simple protein combined with a non-protein molecule (ex: glycoproteins, lipoproteins)
18
Q
Estimation of protein content based on nitrogen content
A
crude protein
19
Q
Protein that can be converted to a form that can be absorbed by the animal
A
digestible protein
20
Q
What are the functions of protein in the body?
A
Structural components, muscle contraction, enzymes, hormones, blood clotting, antibodies, carrier substances
21
Q
Of the functions in the body, which proteins do you think are the least digestible?
A
Keratin, Collagen, Actin & Myosin ????????
22
Q
Amino acids that must be provided in the diet
A
essential amino acid
23
Q
What are the essential amino acids? (Memorize them)
A
Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methoinine
Phyenylalanine Taurine (cats only) Tryptophan Threonine Valine
PVT. MAT(T) HILL (Matt has 2 T’s if he is a cat)
24
Q
Why must proteins be part of the diet?
A
Provide essential amino acids for protein synthesis
Provide nitrogen for synthesis of AA & other nitrogen-containing compounds
25
Can protein be used as an energy source?
Yes, if energy needs are not being met w/carbohydrates and fats
26
What does “positive nitrogen balance” mean in regards to diet?
Intake exceeds excretion; occurs when new tissue is being synthesized
27
What does “negative nitrogen balance” mean?
Excretion exceeds intake
28
What ways can the body lose protein?
Body tissues are being catabolized to provide energy
Inadequate levels of proteins/AA are being fed
Renal or gastrointestinal disease increases losses
29
What does the term “high quality protein” mean?
Contains all the essential AA’s
30
Essential AA present in the lowest quantity in a particular feedstuff; limits body’s ability to use that particular feedstuff to make body protein
limiting amino acid
31
What are the most common “limiting amino acids”?
Methionine, tryptophan, lysine
32
How does energy density of a diet affect protein requirements?
If the diet does not contain adequate levels of energy in the form of carbohydrates and fats, proteins will be used for energy. This type of diet must contain higher levels of proteins to meet AA and nitrogen requirements.
33
How does energy density of a diet affect the quality of protein required?
Diets that are very energy dense must contain higher % of protein when consumed or fed to just meet energy requirements. Because of the high energy density, the animal will stop eating before it has obtained all the necessary proteins.
34
How much of a plant is carbohydrates? (in percentage)
60-90%
35
There are 2 major categories of carbohydrates, what are they?
Starches & sugars; Fiber
36
Which category is the most easily digested? Which is the most difficult?
Fiber most difficult; Starches & sugars most easily
37
In what form do animals store carbohydrates?
Glycogen
38
What is meant by the term monosaccharides?
Single unit sugars
39
Give some examples of monosaccharides and where they are found.
Glucose (prepared in corn syrup & sweet fruits)
Fructose (honey, ripe fruits, some veggies)
Galactose (not found in free form in foods)
40
What is meant by the term disaccharides?
Sugars made of 2 linked monosaccharide units
41
Give some examples and where they are found.
Lactose: milk; Sucrose: table sugar, sugar cane, beets, maple syrup
42
What is meant by the term polysaccharides?
Many linked monosaccharide units; starch, glycogen, fiber
43
Give some examples and where they are found.
Starch: commercial pet foods & cereal grains; Glycogen: liver & muscle; Fiber: plant material
44
Why can’t table sugar (sucrose) be used as an energy source in neonates?
They lack sucrase, the enzyme necessary to digest sucrose
45
Why are many adults (and most adult cats) unable to tolerate milk?
Lack lactase, enzyme necessary to digest lactose
46
Noncarbohydrate component of fiber, a polymer (made of long chain of linked units), non-digestible
lignan
47
Why is fiber hard to digest?
Contains lignan which is non-digestible; bonds between the monosaccharides in fiber are of chemical nature that resists breakdown by the enzymes of the GI tract
48
Why are ruminants (and other herbivores) able to “digest” fiber?
Certain microbes can break down fiber to varying degrees
49
The process of “digesting” fiber is called _________ and releases __________.
Fermentation; short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
50
Can monogastrics absorb SCFA’s?
Not to any significant degree
51
Why is fiber necessary in the diet?
Provide source of energy only to cells of colon
52
What effect does fiber have on energy density of a diet?
Decreases energy density of diet; useful for weight control diets
53
The feeling or state of being sated
Satiety
54
What would you expect to happen to the volume of stool in an animal fed a high fiber diet?
Increases
55
Do carbohydrates play a role in protein synthesis?
Yes, source of carbon for synthesis of nonessential AA’s
56
Synthesis of glucose by the liver
gluconeogenesis
57
Compare the relative carbohydrate content in feeds manufactured for livestock, dry pet foods and canned pet foods.
Livestock: large proportions
Dry pet foods: moderate amounts
Canned pet foods: little to no carbohydrates
58
What are the differences between fats and oils?
Fats: lipids of animal origin, except marine mammals
Oils: liquid fats usually of plant or marine mammal origin
59
Carboxylic acid with long hydrocarbon tails; Basic building block of fat (along w/ triglycerides & glycerol); Found in animal & plant materials
fatty acid
60
What are lipoproteins?
Lipid + protein
61
What are phospholipids?
Lipid + phosphoric acid & nitrogen
62
What are glycolipids?
Lipid + carbohydrate
63
Another term for fats & oils, make of 3 fatty acids linked to a molecule of glycerol
triglycerides
64
A type of fat that contains no double bonds between carbon atoms; carbon atoms saturated w/hydrogen
Saturated
65
a type of fat that contains 1 or more double bond between carbon atoms
Unsaturated
66
In human nutrition, which is the “good fat” and which is the “bad fat”?
Unsaturated = good; Saturated = bad
67
What has more saturated fatty acids, oils or fats?
Fats
68
Conversion of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids; hydrogen is added to the molecule
transfat
69
What is the process by which transfats are produced?
Hydrogenation
70
Why does ruminant body fat contain a high percentage of saturated body fat?
Because rumen bacteria cause hydrogenation
71
Fat has 4 major roles in the body, what are they?
Stored energy, insulation, structural (cell membranes), nutrient transport
72
Fat has 3 major roles in the diet, what are they?
Source of energy and essential fatty acids (EFAs) and improves palatability and texture
73
How does fat affect the energy density of a diet?
Substantially increases the energy density of the food
74
A fatty acid that cannot be produced by the body at a rate sufficient to prevent disease & must be supplied in the diet
essential fatty acid
75
Linolenic acid; an EFA in cats and other species if linoleic acid is not present in sufficient concentration
arachadonic acid
76
What is arachadonic acid a precursor molecule for?
Linoleic acid (?)
77
In what species is arachadonic acid an essential fatty acid?
an EFA in cats and other species if linoleic acid is not present in sufficient concentration
78
What are symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiencies? There are 4 major ones.
Poor coat: hair loss & skin lesions
Decreased reproductive efficiency & lactation
Abnormal growth
Liver & kidney abnormalities in kittens
79
What does the term “rancid” mean?
decomposed
80
What makes a food become rancid?
Fats exposed to high temperatures for excessive periods undergo oxidation = rancid fat unavailable to animal
81
Why is vitamin E sometimes (usually) added to diets that have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Excessive ingestion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can result in an increase in the dietary vitamin E requirement
82
Besides being an important vitamin, why is vitamin E used in manufacturing animal feeds?
Vit E is preferentially oxidized before PUFAs, protects PUFAs from rancidity
83
What is one clinical syndrome that occurs when feeding diets low in vitamin E?
pansteatitis (yellow fat disease) can occur in cats
84
What are the clinical signs of pansteatitis?
Depression & anorexia, increased sensitivity to touch on chest and abdomen, reluctance to move
85
Diets made up largely of ______ can result in hypovitaminosis E.
PUFAs, primarily fish products
86
Why must a cat eat animal fat? (or, why can’t a cat utilize plant oils?)
The only source of arachidonic acid is animal fat
87
What are the criteria for being a vitamin?
Organic molecules, required in extremely small amounts, essential for normal metabolism, deficiency symptoms or illnesses result when there is not enough present in the body, cannot normally be synthesized by the body
88
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
89
What is a provitamin?
Provitamins are converted to active vitamins by animal cells
90
Do deficiencies of fat soluble vitamins happen rapidly or slowly?
Slowly because they can be stored in the liver and body fat
91
Is it possible to develop toxicities with fat soluble vitamins?
There is a potential for toxicity
92
What are the water soluble vitamins?
B-complex (Thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, folic acid, biotin, choline) and C (ascorbic acid)
93
Do deficiencies of water soluble vitamins happen rapidly or slowly?
Rapidly
94
Is it possible to develop toxicities with water soluble vitamins?
Toxicity unlikely since they are not stored in the body
95
How are water soluble vitamins eliminated from the body?
Excreted in urine
96
What is ascorbic acid?
Vitamin C
97
What does vitamin A do in the body?
Maintenance of epithelial tissues, vision, bone growth, reproduction
98
What is/are the sources of vitamin A?
Carotenoids, a yellow/orange pigment synthesized by plants
99
Most plentiful Carotenoid (provitamin A) and has the highest biological activity
Beta Carotine
100
Is the concentration of vitamin A higher in fresh grasses or stored hay?
Higher in fresh grasses
101
Why iss the concentration of vitamin A higher in fresh grasses?
Vitamin A is destroyed by oxidation
102
Do animal products (meat) contain vitamin A?
No, fish liver oil, milk, liver, and egg yolk may contain vit A
103
How are precursor vitamins converted to Vitamin A?
Enzymes in intestinal mucosa convert carotenoids to active vit A
104
Why do felines require actual, active vitamin A?
Felines lack the intestinal enzyme that converts carotenoids to active vit A
105
What are symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?
Night blindness, impaired growth, reproductive failure, loss of epithelial integrity, dermatoses, abnormal bone & tooth development
106
In what species would you most likely see vitamin A deficiency?
Ruminants, esp thos maintained on range only over the winter
107
What are symptoms of vitamin A toxicosis?
Skeletal abnormalities, skin abnormalities, anorexia & weight loss, hyperesthesia
108
What is vitamin D?
A group of compounds that regulates Ca and P metabolism
109
What is the precursor to vitamin D?
Ergosterol ergocalciferol Vit D2
110
Where is vitamin D activated?
Liver and kidney
111
What is vitamin D3?
Inactive storage form of D3
112
What is another name for vitamin D3?
Cholecalciferol
113
What is the active form of vitamin D?
calcitriol
114
What hormone controls conversion of the precursor to vitamin D to the active form of vitamin D?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
115
What is the function of vitamin D in the body?
Increases plasma Ca & P: increases efficiency of intestinal absorption of dietary Ca & P; mobilizes Ca from bone; increases P reabsorption in the kidneys
116
What are symptoms of deficiencies of vitamin D in growing animals?
Rikets: abnormal bone development results in bowing of legs & thickening of joints
117
What are symptoms of deficiencies of vitamin D in adult animals?
Osteomalacia: impaired bone mineralization
118
Which type of animal is most susceptible to vitamin D deficiencies?
Exotic pets: reptiles, especially iguanas
119
What are symptoms of vitamin D toxicosis? (hypervitaminosis D) (know these – they are important symptoms for a wide variety of pesticides.)
V/D, weakness, PU/PD, muscle tremors, seizures, anorexia, hematemesis, constipation, melena, & loss of body weight
120
What is the chemical name for vitamin E?
Tocopherol & tocotrienols
121
Where is vitamin E stored?
Fat and liver
122
What is the function of vitamin E in the body?
Potent antioxidant in body and diet, spares selenium
123
Are vitamin E deficiencies common?
Uncommon, seen in dogs & cats fed poorly prepared or poorly stored food
124
What are the symptoms of vitamin E deficiency?
Muscle degeneration, decrease reproduction performance, pansteatitis in cats
125
What are the 3 forms of vitamin K?
Vit K 1, 2, 3
126
Where are the 3 forms of vitamin K found or made?
K1: green plants; K2: synthesized by bacteria in the rumen and large intestine; K3: synthetic form
127
What foods provide vitamin K?
Green leafy plants, liver, fish, eggs
128
Vitamin K is important in blood clotting cascade. Which clotting factors are vitamin K dependent?
II, VII, IX, X
129
Dicumerol is an anticoagulant. What rodenticide agents are based on dicumerol?
Warfarin, pindone
130
What plant produces dicumerol when it spoils?
Sweet clover
131
What are the functions of B vitamins in the body? (Broad statements)
Act as coenzymes in tissue synthesis & energy metabolism; involved in the use of food energy; involved in cell maintenance and growth &/or blood synthesis
132
List the B vitamins.
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothemic acid, biotin, folic acid, cobalamin, choline
133
Which B vitamins are involved in energy production?
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothemic acid, biotin
134
Which are involved in growth and cell maintenance?
Folic acid, cobalamin, choline
135
What is Vitamin B1? Alternate name?
Functions in carb metabolism, thiamin
136
In what feedstuffs is B1 found?
Meats, wheat germ, whole grains, many forages
137
What are symptoms of vitamin B1 deficiency?
CNS dysfunction, anorexia, weight loss, anemia
138
What is vitamin B2? Alternate name?
Riboflavin, functions in energy metabolism
139
What is the source of B2 in the diet?
Milk, organ, meats, plants
140
What is Vitamin B3? Other name?
Nicotinic acid, niacin; functions in several metabolic pathways involving use of energy-containing nutrients
141
What is the source of vitamin B3?
Leafy plants, meat
142
What are the symptoms of Vitamin B3 deficiency?
unlikely
143
What is folic acid?
Functions in synthesis of DNA
144
In what feedstuffs is folic acid found?
Leafy green plants, organ meats, soybean meal
145
What are symptoms of folic acid deficiency?
Decreased cellular reproduction: reduced growth, anemia, leucopenia, birth defects
146
What type of birth defect(s) can be caused by folic acid deficiency?
Spina bifida
147
What is Vitamin B12? What is its other name?
Cobalamin or cyanocobalamin
148
What does vitamin B12 do in the body?
Involved in biochemical reactions & metabolism of fats & carbs
149
Where is vitamin B12 found?
Only found in food of animal origin
150
What are symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency?
Rare, anemia, impaired CNS function
151
What is the scientific name for vitamin C?
Ascorbic acid
152
For which specie(s) would vitamin C be considered “essential”?
Humans and guinea pigs
153
What does vitamin C do in the body?
Formation & maintenance of collagen (important in bone, teeth, & connective tissue); antioxidant (immune system)
154
What are symptoms of vitamin C deficiency? (there are many!)
Unlikey but impaired wound healing, loosening of periodontal ligaments (tooth loss), capillary bleeding, anemia, poor bone formation, increased incidence of upper respiratory disease
155
What is the deficiency of vit C called?
scurvy
156
What foods have increased levels of vitamin C?
Parsley, cabbage, green peppers, kale (lettuce poor in Vit C)
157
What makes something a “mineral”?
Inorganic elements “ash” necessary for maintenance and production. Cannot be synthesized by body or microorganisms
158
Must minerals be provided in the diet?
yes
159
What is meant by the terms “Macroelement” and “Microelement”?
Macroelement: required by body in relatively large amounts
Microelement: required by body in very small amounts, trace minerals
160
What are the “Macroelements”? (Memorize)
Ca, P, Mg, Sulfur (S), Na Cl, K
161
What are the “Microelements”? (Memorize)
Fe, Copper, Cobalt, Zinc, Iodine, selenium, manganese, fluorine, molybdenum, vanadium, chromium, silicon, nickel, tin
162
What functions do minerals serve in the body? (there are 5)
Ossification (bones & teeth), enzyme cofactors, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, components of organic compounds
163
How much calcium is found in the serum?
Less than 1%
164
What hormone regulates calcium levels?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
165
What is calcitonin and what does it do?
Released from thyroid gland & in response to hypercalcemia; reduces plasma Ca levels
166
What are the sources of calcium in diets?
Dairy products, meat & bone meal, bone
167
What conditions occur as a result calcium deficiency? (there are 3)
Rickets in growing animals; osteomalacia in adults; parturient paresis: milk fever, result of hypocalcemia in early lactation
168
What is nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Deficiency of Ca in diet, results in chronic release of PTH & bone demineralization
169
How does nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism occur?
Animals are fed diets deficient in Ca (table scraps) and increased in P
170
What are the symptoms of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Periodontal disease, loss of teeth, rubber jaw, skulls enlarged by deposition of matrix in horses – matrix doesn’t ossify, skull feels soft, miller’s disease
171
Although phosphorus levels are high in grains (wheat, corn, oats, etc.) it is not usable by non-ruminants. Why?
Bound to phytate, poorly absorbed by non-ruminants
172
Why is it important for diets to be balanced with respect to calcium and phosphorus ratios?
Homeostatic mechanisms are closely interrelated. Feeding an excess of either will result in a decreased absorption of the other.
173
What are the major sources of magnesium in the diet?
Grains, legumes, dairy products
174
What condition occurs in animals fed a diet with excessive amount of magnesium?
Struvite uroliths
175
What condition can occur in cattle fed a diet with a deficiency in magnesium?
Grass tetany
176
What are the symptoms of grass tetany?
Neurologic signs including seizures, coma, death
177
Under what conditions is a dietary deficiency in magnesium most likely to occur?
Cattle grazing on lush green pastures
178
What 2 amino acids are responsible for containing most of the body’s sulfur?
Cystine & methionine
179
Charged particles or substances that separate into charged particles when in solution
electrolytes
180
What are the 3 most common mineral electrolytes?
Na, Cl, K
181
Where is the majority of sodium in the body found?
Extracellular fluid
182
What is an “effective osmole”?
Chemically attracts water molecules and holds them
183
Theoretically, what problems could be caused by feeding a diet high in sodium ?
Increased H2O intake, hypertension, increased H2O retention (increased load on heart, exacerbate symptoms of congestive heart failure, increase work load on kidneys)
184
Where is the majority of chlorine in the body found?
Extracellular fluid
185
Where is the majority of iron in the body found?
Hemoglobin& myoglobin
186
Is iron absorbed from the diet well?
No, only 5-10% is absorbed
187
Which is better absorbed, Ferrous iron or ferric iron?
Ferrous Fe
188
In what ways would iron be lost from the body?
External hemorrhage is only significant Fe lost, ex: parasites, parturition, trauma, sx
189
Which specie(s) are prone to iron deficiencies?
Piglets
190
What changes on the CBC might be expected in an iron deficient patient?
Fe deficiency is rarely a problem
191
What are the symptoms of copper deficiency?
Anemia, depigmentation of hair & skin, abnormal bone growth
192
What are the symptoms of zinc deficiency?
Skin lesions, depigmentation of skin & hair, growth retardation, reproduction failure, abnormal bone growth
193
What condition can occur in animals fed a diet deficient in iodine?
hypothyroidism
194
What conditions occur as a result of excessive selenium in the diet?
Hairloss, hough sloughing, repro failure
195
What conditions occur as a result of deficiency of selenium in the diet?
White muscle disease, liver necrosis, reproduction failure
196
In what species does “white muscle disease” occur?
sheep
197
What are the symptoms of “white muscle disease”?
Weakness, lameness, sudden death
198
Contains seed pigment, protein and fiber; sometimes includes the aleurone layer
Bran
199
What is the primary component of the endosperm of a seed?
starch
200
What is the germ of a seed?
Plant embryo
201
Which amino acids are usually the limiting amino acids in a cereal grain protein?
Lysine and/or methionine
202
Why is corn considered the “feed grain of choice”?
Produces more energy per acre than other crops; adapted to many climates
203
Why do animals fed diets high in corn or corn oil usually have relatively healthier hair coats?
High oil content
204
Which cereal grain contains vitamin A?
corn
205
Does mold have to be present on corn for it to be contaminated with mycotoxins?
No
206
What are the effects of Zearaleone?
Estrogenic effects
207
What pathologic condition results when corn contaminated with fumonsin is fed to horses?
Equine leukocencephalomalacia: causes degeneration of the cerebellum in horses
208
What pathologic condition(s) can be caused by aflatoxin?
Causes decreased feed intake, poor growth, & diarrhea; potent carcinogen: liver cancer
209
How can corn be checked for the presence of aflatoxin?
Will glow under black light
210
Oats are an important source of energy for which species?
horses
211
Kernel without a hull
groat
212
In what nutrient category are oats the most superior in? (they have the best____?)
protein
213
Wheat is considered the world’s most important crop. So why isn’t it used extensively as feed for livestock?
Too expensive to feed livestock; unpalatable if finely ground
214
However, wheat is important in feeding cattle. How is it used?
Cattle allowed to graze on whole plant when it is young, then they are pulled off so the plant can mature
215
How is wheat bran used in animal feed?
Used in horse, cattle, and rabbit feed and farrowing sows
216
What is grain overload?
Problem that occurs most often in a feedlot setting
217
How does it happen (what causes it to happen)?
Animals pulled off pasture to be fed diets high in grain.
218
What pathologic condition results from grain overload in cattle?
If switch occurs too fast: increase in lactic acid producing bacteria
Lactic acid reduces pH of rumen: stops growth of bacteria & further reduces rumen pH
*Results in ulcers of ruminal wall
219
What pathologic condition results from grain overload in horses?
laminitis
220
Can “grain overload” occur in other situations?
Horses eating lush green, fast growing pasture in spring & fall (clover pastures)
221
Product of the sugar cane-refining industry
molasses
222
Why is molasses used in diet formulations?
Energy source, increases palatability, mineral source, manufacturing of feed
223
Why is beet pulp sometimes used in horse feed?
High in digestible fiber
224
Liquid remains produced during cheese processing; contains lactose, minerals, & water-soluble proteins
whey
225
Protein supplements must have at least ______% protein
20%
226
What does the term “meal” mean?
Any ingredient that has been cooked, dried, & ground (reduced in particle size)
227
What are the common “oil seeds”?
Rapeseed, linseed (flax), canola, cotton seed, olive, palm, peanuts, safflower, soybean, sunflower
228
The most important protein supplement for non-ruminant live-stock feeding is ______.
Soybean meal
229
Why must soybeans be “cooked” (exposed to heat) before use as a protein source in animal feed?
Raw soybeans are toxic to most animals, but toxins are destroyed by heat treatment
230
What part of the cotton plant is used as a protein supplement in ruminant diets?
Cotton seed meal
231
What is gossypol?
Toxic compound found in cotton plant
232
What animals are affected by gossypol?
Calves, lambs, monogastrics
233
What are the effects of gossypol on the animals eating it?
Affects heart & liver, causes anemia
234
Give examples of legumes.
Soybeans, field beans, peanuts, lentils, peas
235
Where does corn gluten come from?
Residue from production of: corn starch, fructose, corn syrup, corn oil
236
Why is protein from animal sources considered “high quality”?
Contain good balance of amino acids and vitamin B12 which is not found in plant protein
237
What vitamin is also referred to as “animal protein factor”?
Vitamin B12
238
What diseases can be transmitted by feeding protein obtained from animal sources?
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease); scrapie; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; E. coli; salmonella
239
What is the difference between “meat meal” and “meat and bone meal”?
Products of rendering plant & slaughter house wastes
| If bone is included, the resulting product is meat & bone meal
240
Why is ammonia sometimes fed to ruminants?
Rumen microbes synthesize AA’s using nitrogen in ammonia
241
Which amino acids can be “man-made”?
Lysine, methionine, taurine
242
What does the term “forage” mean?
Vegetable material in fresh (pasture and other grazed roughage), dried (hay), & ensiled (silage) states
243
List some characteristics of roughages.
Bulky – low weight per volume, high in fiber, low in energy, lower in digestibility than concentrates, tend to be high in minerals & vitamins, variable protein
244
Give some examples of “grasses”.
Bromegrass, fescue, bluegrass, barley, oats, timothy, wheat
245
Do humans eat “grass”?
yes
246
Which is more nutritious, young grasses or mature grasses?
Young grasses
247
What is the major distinguishing characteristic of a legume?
Ability to utilize atmospheric nitrogen
248
Is a peanut a pea or a nut?
It’s a legume
249
What are some advantages of using land for pasture?
Lessen feed costs & capital expenditures; good source of vitamins & minerals; reasonable source of protein if well managed; reduced threat of communicable diseases; provides exercise; management skills not as critical; makes use of otherwise non-productive land
250
What are some disadvantages of using land for pasture?
Some pasture land could bring higher return from other uses; animals are harders to check and handle; potential for predation; natural weather changes; must maintain pasture land (toxic plants)
251
What does the term “ideal stocking rate” mean?
Perfect balance between rate of harvest by animals & rate of new growth of plant
252
Compare continuous grazing to rotational grazing. What do those terms mean? What are advantages and disadvantages to each technique?
Continuous grazing: animals on same pasture year round. Disadv: less efficient use of pasture – high stocking rates will leave plants denuded of foliage; low stocking rates – plants will mature & become less nutritious
Rotational grazing: most of foliage is harvested; pasture rests during regrowth; animals constantly provided w/young, nutritious plants; pastures are evenly fertilized w/manure; plants regrow vigorously
253
How is “winter wheat pasture” used in the livestock industry?
Cattle put into wheat fields to graze from fall until spring, cattle removed in spring, young wheat plants are high in soluble protein & carbs
254
Forage harvested during growing period & preserved by drying for later use
hay
255
What are advantages of feeding “hay”?
Long term storage possible; good source of vitamins & minerals; facilitates digestion in herbivores being fed high energy diets; once harvested, easy to handle & feed
256
What are disadvantages of feeding “hay’?
Harvest requires considerable labor & expensive equipment; loss of leaf material occurs during harvest; some loss of nutrients during harvest & storage; spoilage & combustion can occur in improperly cured hay; presence of toxic material/pests; some hay fields could bring high return from other uses
257
Stems & leaves after removal of seeds; usually used for bedding; occasionally used for roughage
straw
258
What is “prussic acid”?
cyanide
259
What plant accumulates “prussic acid”?
sorghums
260
When would you expect to see “prussic acid” toxicity most often?
In mature plants, drought, freezing
261
What are symptoms of “prussic acid” poisoning?
Animal often dead; Csx: excitement, rapid pulse, generalized muscle tremors, salivation, lacrimation, voiding of urine & feces, bright pink mucous membranes, blood bright cherry red
262
What would blood drawn from a patient with “prussic acid” poisoning look like?
bright cherry red
263
What “drugs” are used to treat “prussic acid” poisoning?
Tx w/sodium nitrate & sodium thiosulfate
264
Which plants are implicated in nitrate toxicity?
Sorghums, winter wheat, heavily fertilized grasses
265
How do nitrates cause toxicity?
Nitrates are reduced to nitrites in the rumen. Nitrites absorbed into the bloodstream. Nitrites oxidize the iron in Hb. Converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin which cannot carry O2.
266
What would blood drawn from a patient with nitrate toxicity look like?
Chocolate brown color
267
What is “grass tetany”?
Metabolic disorder caused by hypomagnesemia; associated w/consumption of young lush grasses
268
Loss of blood supply to feet & extremities caused by fescue toxicosis
“fescue foot”
269
What roughages are associated with bloat?
Winter wheat & alfalfa
270
What is cantaridin?
Comparable to cyanide & strychnine in toxicity, produced in blister beetles
271
What species is most susceptible to cantharidin toxicity?
Horses
272
What are the symptoms of “blister beetle” poisioning? (Cantharidin toxicity)
Severe skin inflammation & blisters; colic; elevated temps; depression; increase HR & RR; dehydration; sweating; diarrhea; frequent urination
From slide with pictures: depression, looking at flank, lying down more than usual, rolling, stretching, dog sitting
273
Which species of blister beetle has the highest content of cantharidin?
Striped blister beetle
274
Describe ways to manage pasture and hay to avoid cantharidin toxicity.
Use first cutting for horse feed since beetles not active then
Cut on schedule
Do not crimp or crush hay if beetles are present
Do not use hay conditioner when harvesting infected alfalfa
Check fields w/flowering plants before harvest
275
Why are antibiotics sometimes added to the feed of food producing animals that are not ill or are not clinically ill?
Improve rate & efficiency of gain
Nutrient sparing effect
Stimulate appetite & certain enzyme systems
Promote growth of beneficial microbes
