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Health Assessment > Abdomen - Textbook > Flashcards

Abdomen - Textbook Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the layers of the abdominal muscles from outermost to innermost

A
  1. External abdominal oblique
  2. Internal abdominal oblique
  3. Transverse abdominis
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2
Q

What is the Rectus Abdominis?

A

connective tissue from the 3 layers of abdominal muscles that extends forward to encase a vertical muscle of the anterior abdominal wall

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3
Q

What is Aponeurosis?

A

thin sheath of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone (similar to tendons)

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4
Q

What is Linea Alba?

A

a white line formed by the joining of muscle fibers and aponeurosis at the midline of the abdomen

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5
Q

What is the function of abdominal muscles?

A

protect internal organs and allow normal compression during functional activities such as sneezing, coughing, urination, defecation, and childbirth

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6
Q

What are the 9 abdominal regions?

A
  1. Right hypochondriac
  2. Epigastric
  3. Left hypochondriac
  4. Right lumbar
  5. Umbilical
  6. Left lumber
  7. Right iliac (inguinal)
  8. Hypogastric
  9. Left iliac (inguinal)
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7
Q

What contents can be found in the RUQ? (10)

A

Ascending and transverse colon, duodenum, gallbladder, hepatic flexure of colon, liver, pancreas (head), pylorus, right adrenal gland, right kidney (upper pole), right ureter

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8
Q

What contents can be found in the RLQ? (7)

A

Appendix, ascending colon, cecum, right kidney (lower pole), right ovary and tube, right ureter, right spermatic cord

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9
Q

What contents can be found in the LUQ? (8)

A

Left adrenal gland, left kidney (upper pole), left ureter, pancreas (body and tail), spleen, splenic flexure of colon, stomach, transverse descending

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10
Q

What contents can be found in the LLQ? (5)

A

Left kidney (lower pole), left ovary and tube, left ureter, left spermatic cord, descending and sigmoid colon

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11
Q

What contents can be found in the midline area? (3)

A

bladder, uterus, and prostate gland

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12
Q

What lines the abdominal cavity?

A

thin, shiny, serous membrane called the parietal peritoneum

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13
Q

What provides a protective covering for most of the internal abdominal organs?

A

visceral peritoneum

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14
Q

What is Solid viscera? Provide examples

A

organs that maintain their shape consistently (ie liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, ovaries, and uterus)

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15
Q

What is Hollow viscera? Provide examples

A

organs that change shape depending on their contents (ie stomach, gallbladder, small intestine, colon, and bladder)

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16
Q

If palpable, the liver can be found below the _________ and has a _____ consistency.

A

right costal margin; soft

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17
Q

What is the function of the liver? (7)

A
  • accessory digestive organ
  • glucose storage
  • formation of blood plasma proteins and clotting factors
  • urea synthesis
  • destruction of RBC
  • storage of iron and vitamins
  • detoxification
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18
Q

Is the pancreas normally palpable? Where is it located?

A

no and mostly located behind the stomach

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19
Q

What are the functions of the pancreas? (2)

A
  • is an endocrine gland
  • accessory organ of digestion
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20
Q

When the spleen _______, the _______ extends down and toward the midline.

A

enlarges; lower tip

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21
Q

What does the spleen do? (3)

A
  • filter the blood of cellular debris
  • digest microorganisms
  • return the breakdown products to the liver
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22
Q

What do the kidneys do? (4)

A
  • filtration
  • elimination of metabolic waste products
  • play a role in BP and maintenance of water, salt, and electrolytes
  • endocrine gland by secreting hormones (erythropoietin and renin)
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23
Q

What hormones do the kidneys secrete?

A

erythropoietin and renin

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the gallbladder?

A

concentrate and store bile that’s needed to digest fat

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25
Who has 40-50% increased risk of gastric cancer?
Non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, and Asian/pacific islanders
26
What bacteria causes stomach ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
27
Stomach cancer has an association with what bacteria?
Helicobacter pylori
28
When does abdominal pain occur?
when specific digestive organs or structures are affects by chemical or mechanical factors such as inflammation, infection, distention, stretching, pressure, obstruction, or trauma
29
Onset of pain is a diagnostic clue to its _______.
origin
30
Dull or burning pain located b/w the breasts and umbilicus may occur with ________.
peptic ulcers
31
Pancreatic inflammation can be felt where and what type of pain is this?
felt in the back; referred pain (bc pain is not felt at the source)
32
Describe the pain duration associated with Duodenal ulcer
clients may have pain a few hours after eating that is relieved when they eat again
33
What older adult considerations must be taken into account when assessing for abdominal pain?
sensitivity to pain may diminish with aging
34
In what position can pain be exacerbated in clients with GERD?
supine position
35
What can exacerbate the pain for a client with pancreatitis?
alcohol ingestion
36
What associated factors are often seen in clients with Crohn's disease aside from abdominal pain?
cramping, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and lack of energy
37
What is another name for indigestion that is often described as heartburn?
Pyrosis
38
Pyrosis may be an indication of what conditions?
acute/chronic gastric disorders
39
What are some symptoms of GERD?
heartburn, dry cough, asthma symptoms, trouble swallowing
40
What is a term used to describe vomiting with blood?
Hematemesis
41
Who is at risk for lung aspiration with vomiting?
Neuromuscular or consciousness-impaired clients
42
What older adults considerations should be taken into account when assessing appetite?
these clients may experience a decline in appetite from various factors such as altered metabolism, decreased taste sensation, decreased mobility, and, possibly, depression; if appetite declines, the client's risk for nutritional imbalance increases
43
What older adult considerations should be taken into account when assessing bowel elimination?
these clients are esp at risk for potential complications with diarrhea, such as fluid volume deficit, dehydration, and electrolyte and acid-base imbalances bc they have a higher fat-to-lean muscle ratio
44
What older adult considerations should be taken into account when assessing for UTI?
these clients are more prone to UTIs bc the activity of protective bacteria in the urinary tract declines with age
45
What viral infection may cause liver damage?
hepatitis
46
High _____ intake may lead to chronic constipation
iron
47
Describe the three types of abdominal pain
1. Visceral pain: when hollow organs become distended or contract forcefully 2. Parietal pain: when the parietal peritoneum becomes inflamed (ie appendicitis) 3. Referred pain: occurs in distant sites; this pain travels from the primary site to a distant site
48
What is a peptic ulcer?
ulcers or open sores that form in the lining of the esophagus, stomach, or small intestine when acid eats away the protective mucous covering and erodes the underlying lining of these organs
49
What are some symptoms of peptic ulcers?
feelings of fullness (decrease fluid and food intake), chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, black or tarry stool, and vomiting (may be bloody)
50
What is GERD? describe it
occurs when the stomach acid or contents flow back into the esophagus and irritate the lining of the esophagus
51
What are some symptoms of GERD?
hoarseness, laryngitis, chronic dry cough, asthma, feeling as if there's a lump in the throat, sudden increase in saliva, bad breath (halitosis), earaches, and/or chest pain or discomfort
52
What is another name for bad breath?
halitosis
53
Do you percuss or auscultate after inspecting the abdomen? why?
auscultate so that you do not alter the patient's pattern of bowel sounds
54
What is the order in which you do a physical assessment of a patient's abdomen?
inspect, auscultate, percuss, and palpate
55
Where should the patient's arms be when performing an abdomen assessment? why?
crossed at their chest or at their sides; otherwise, arms above the head or crossed behind the head causes the abdominal muscles to tense
56
What is ascites?
buildup of fluid in the abdomen that can cause swelling, pain, and difficulty breathing
57
What are some common abnormal findings of an abdominal assessment?
- abdominal edema or swelling (ascites) - abdominal masses (abnormal growths or constipation) - Unusual pulsations (seen in aneurysm of the abdominal aorta) - Pain associated with appendicitis
58
What is a Grey Turner sign?
purple discoloration at the flanks
59
What conditions are associated with dilated veins in the abdominal area?
cirrhosis of the liver, obstruction of the inferior vena cava, portal hypertension, or ascites
60
What is a Spider Angioma?
capillaries with a central star
61
What older adult considerations should be taken into account when noting the vascularity of the abdominal skin?
dilated superficial capillaries without a pattern may be seen in these clients - they are more visible in sunlight
62
Name the different colors of striae in regards to how old they are
New: pink or bluish Old: silvery, white, linear
63
What color striae are associated with Cushing's Syndrome?
dark bluish pink
64
Ascites usually result from what condition?
liver failure or liver disease
65
Keloids are more common in which groups of people?
African Americans and Asians
66
What is a Cullen's Sign? What does it indicate?
a bluish or purple discoloration around the umbilicus that can indicate intra-abdominal bleeding
67
The major causes of abdominal distension are sometimes referred to as ________ which are _________.
6F's - Fat, feces, fetus, fibroids, flatulence, and fluid
68
What is a Scaphoid?
sunken abdomen seen in patients with severe weight or cachexia related to starvation or terminal illness
69
What is a hernia?
a protrusion of the bowel through the abdominal wall
70
Where can bowel sounds be more active?
over the ileocecal valve in the RLQ
71
How often do bowel sounds normally occur?
5-15 seconds
72
Describe the bowel sound that is most diagnostic of obstruction because it signifies intestinal distension
the bowel sounds will have an increasing pitch
73

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