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Exam 2 (Neuro) Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is Broca Area and what is it responsible for? Where is Wernicke’s Area and what is it responsible for?

A
  • Broca = speech production and located in the frontal lobe
  • Wernicke = language comprehension and located in the the temporal lobe
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2
Q

What is the Parietal Lobe respoinsible for?

A

tactile sensation: touch, pain, temp, shapes, and two point discrimination

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3
Q

What is the Occipital Lobe responsible for?

A

influences the ability to read with understanding and visual images

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4
Q

What is the Temporal lobe responsible for?

A

receive and process auditory info from the ears, enables us to hear, understand and interpret sounds

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5
Q

What is the Cerebrum responsible for?

A

connects the left and right hemispheres - bridges the communications

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6
Q

What is the Cerebellum responsible for?

A

Coordination and smooth voluntary movements, equilibrium, and muscle tone

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7
Q

What is the brain steam responsible for?

A

controls and regulates respiratory function, HR, and BP

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8
Q

What does the brain stem consists of?

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla

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9
Q

What is the Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla responsible for?

A
  • Midbrain: relay center for ear/eye reflexes and impulses between higher cerebral centers and lower pons, medulla, cerebellum, spinal cord
  • Pons: various reflex actions
  • Medulla: contains nuclei for CN and has centers that control/regulate respiration, HR, and BP
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10
Q

What is the function of the Spinal Cord?

A

conducts sensory impulses up to the brain, motor impulses down to neurons that stimulates glands/muscles and is responsible for simple reflex activity

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11
Q

Spinothalamic tract = sensations of … (3)

A

pain, temp, and crude/light touch

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12
Q

Posterior Column = sensations of … (3)

A

position, vibration, and fine touch

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13
Q

What are the two descending neural pathways? Describe them.

A
  • Pyramidal (corticospinal) tract: impulses carried to muscles and produce voluntary movements that involve skill and purpose
  • Extrapyramidal tract: conduct impulses to muscles related to maintenance of muscle tone and body control
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14
Q

What is the function of CN 1?

A

carries smell impulse from nasal mucosa to the brainn

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15
Q

What is the function of CN 2?

A

carries visual impulses from eye to the brain

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16
Q

What if the function of CN 3?

A

eye muscle control eye movements and elevates eyelids

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17
Q

What is the function of CN 4?

A

contracts one eye muscle to control inferomedial eye movement

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18
Q

What is the function of CN 5?

A

carries sensory impulses of pain, touch, and temp from the face to the brain; influences clenching and lateral jaw movements

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19
Q

What is the function of CN 6?

A

controls lateral eye movements

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20
Q

Which CN are performed together?

A

1) CN 3, 4, 6
2) CN 9 & 10

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21
Q

What is the function of CN 7?

A
  • contains sensory fibers for taste of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
  • stimulates secretions from salivary gland and tears from the lacrimal glands
  • affects facial expressions
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22
Q

What is the function of CN 8?

A

contains sensory fibers for hearing and balance

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23
Q

What is the function of CN 9?

A
  • contains sensory fibers for taste of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
  • sensory fibers of pharynx that result in gag reflex
  • provide secretory fibers to parotid salivary glands
  • promotes swallowing movements
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24
Q

What is the function of CN 10?

A
  • promotes swallowing, talking, and production of digestive juices
  • carries sensations from throat, larynx, heart, lungs, bronchi, GI tract, and abdominal viscera
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25
What is the function of CN 11?
- innervates neck muscle that promote movement of shoulders and head rotation - promotes some movements of larynx
26
What is the function of CN 12?
innervates tongue muscles that promote movement of food and talking
27
inability to smell or identify correct scent = what clinical manifestation?
olfactory tract lesion or tumor/lesion of the frontal lobe
28
What is Papilledema?
swelling of the optic nerve
29
Paralytic strabismus = paralysis of the ... (3)
oculomotor, trochlear, or abducens nerves
30
Nystagmus = what clinical manifestation?
cerebellar disorders
31
Bell's Palsy = peripheral injury to what CN?
CN VII (facial)
32
Soft palate doesn't rise = bilateral lesions of what CN?
CN X (vagus)
33
Absent gag reflex, dysphagia, and hoarseness = lesions to which CN?
CN IX and X (glossopharyngeal and vagus)
34
Atrophy with fasciculations = what clinical manifestation and associated with what CN?
- peripheral nerve disease - CN XI (accessory)
35
Fasciculations and atrophy of the tongue = what clinical manifestation and is associated with what CN?
- peripheral nerve disease - CN XII (hypoglossal)
36
What is a seizure? What are some conditions that may have seizures?
sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain that causes temporary changes in behavior, movement, or consciousness - epilepsy, metabolic disorders, head injuries, high fevers
37
Define Paresthesia. What conditions are associated with this?
loss of sensation, tingling, prickling, or burning - damage to brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves
38
Define Tinnitus. What conditions are associated with this?
ringing in the ears - CN VIII
39
Define Dysarthria. What conditions are associated with this?
difficulty forming words - injury to cerebral cortex
40
Define Dysphasia. What conditions are associated with this?
difficulty comprehending and expressing thoughts - injury to the cerebral cortex
41
Define Aphasia. What conditions are associated with this?
difficulty producing or understanding language - motor lesions in dominant cerebral hemisphere
42
Define Fasciculations. What condition is associated with this?
continuous, rapid twitching of resting muscles - lower motor neuron disease
43
Define tremors. What condition is associated with this?
Degenerative neurologic disorders (ex. Parkinsons Disease)
44
Define Myoclonus. What condition is associated with this?
sudden jerks of arms or legs - grand mal seizures
45
Loss of bowel control or urinary retention and bladder distention = what kind of injury?
spinal cord injury or tumors
46
What is Remote Memory? Inability to have remote memory is associated with what condition?
recalling past events, such as recalling birthday or first job - cerebral cortex disorder
47
Describe what meningitis is? What assessment do you do if this is suspected?
inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord - Brudzinski and Kernig
48
What is Encephalitis?
inflammation of the brain tissue, which can be caused by infections and sometimes by the body's immune system (autoimmune)
49
Describe how cigarette smoking relate to CVA.
smoking causes damage to the blood vessels, leading to the development of plaque (aka atherosclerosis) which narrows the bv and increases the likelihood of a blood clot and a blood clot blocks the flow of blood to the brain, leading to stroke
50
Describe how Nicotine affects the brain.
nicotine constricts the bv, which decrease blood flow to the brain
51
What are the 5 areas of a complete neurologic examination?
- mental status - cranial nerves - motor and cerebellar systems - sensory system - reflexes
52
What are the 5 assessment points of a "neck check"?
1) LOC 2) Pupillary checks 3) Movement and strength of extremities 4) Sensation in extremities 5) Vital Signs
53
How would you document a normal reflex?
2+
54
How would you document a brisk relfex?
3+
55
How would you document a very brisk reflex?
4+
56
Paralytic Strabismus is the paralysis of what cranial nerves?
CN 3, 4, 6
57
Which CN is for clenching teeth?
trigeminal (CN V)
58
What is Bell Palsy?
inability to close eyes, wrinkle forehead, or raise eyebrows along with paralysis of the lower part of the face
59
What test would you perform for a CN IX?
gag reflux
60
What assessment would you do for CN XII?
test the strength and mobility of the tongue - ask the patient to stick their tongue out and move it around
61
What is Anterior Cord Syndrome?
loss of motor function, pain, and temp
62
What is Posterior Cord Syndrome?
loss of proprioception
63
What is Brown-Sequard Syndrome?
loss of strength, proprioception, pain, and temp
64
What is Tandem Walking?
walking heel to toe in a straight line
65
What is Proprioception?
the sense of your body's position and movement in space
66
What is Dyskinesia?
refers to involuntary, uncontrolled movements that can affect various parts of the body
67
What is Spastic Hemisparesis?
a condition characterized by weakness and stiffness (spasticity) on one side of the body
68
What is Analgesia?
absence of pain sensation
69
Describe how to assess vibratory sensation
strike a tuning fork and place in areas - heel of hand - forefinger tip - medial malleous - tip of the greater toe
70
Describe the assessment for sensitivity to position.
ask client to close both eyes and hold the client's finger and move it up/down, left/right
71
Describe how to assess for point localization
briefly touch the client and ask the client to identify the points touched
72
Describe how to assess Graphesthesia
use a blunt instrument to write a number on the client's palm
73
What are the normal findings for the 2-point discrimination? (5)
- Fingertips: 2-5 mm - Forearm: 40 mm - Dorsal of hands: 20-30 mm - Back: 40 mm - Thighs: 70 mm
74
Where are the locations for deep tendon reflexes?
- biceps - brachioradialis - triceps - patellar - achilles
75
What is Cerebellar Ataxia?
wide-based, staggering, unsteady gait
76
What is decorticate posturing?
looks like how a person lays in a casket
77
What is Decerebrate posturing?
arms are extended at sides with the hands in fist and flexed, arms pronated
78

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