abusive coaching Flashcards
(9 cards)
What are the features of abusive coaching in sport
Controlling coach behaviours such as intimidation, negative conditional regard, controlling use of rewards and excessive personal control (Bartholomew et al., 2009)
Violence towards athletes
Sexual violence
What is the impact of abusive coaching in sport?
High controlling environment can lead to a disempowering climate (Duda, 2013; Duda and Appleton, 2016)
Greither and Ohlert (2022) found a disempowering environment in gymnastics was associated with psychological violence as psychological violence decreased wellbeing and increased depression.
Ohlert et al., found that in a large sample in Germany of national level athletes (online anonymous) athletes who had experienced or observed sexual violence rated the empowering subfactors lower and disempowering factors higher.
What is psychological need thwarting or frustration?
negative experiential state that relates to reduced perceived psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness which is actively undermined by interactions with others
What evidence is there for how need thwarting occurs?
Bartholomew et al., 2011 had aesthetic sports athletes complete questionnaires around autonomy supportive / controlling behaviour, need satisfaction / thwarting, disordered eating, depression and vitality. Found significant relationship between autonomy support vs control. Increased autonomy support led increased need satisfaction leading to increased vitality and depression and reduced disordered eating.
Balaguer et al., 2012 studied young male football players and measured subjective vitality against burnout. Autonomy support led to increased need satisfaction and less need thwarting leading to increased subjective vitality and less burnout.
What are common features of need thwarting?
I feel pushed to behave certain ways
I feel obliged to follow training decisions made for me
There are times when I am told things that make me feel incompetent
I feel inadequate because I am not given opportunity to fulfil my potential
I feel I am rejected by those around me
I felt other people dislike me
What are policy efforts to combat abusive coaching in sport?
On an athlete coach level:
- encouraging athletes to speak up / find mechanisms to speak up
- Discuss in group to talk to coach
- Get external support from financial / national governing body
- have a wellbeing officer
- athlete education literacy / knowledge
National policy:
- make safeguarding mental health courses
- establish referral pathways
- safeguarding representation / role models
International policy (ideas)
- international olympic / Paralympic committees, individuals sport s international bodies
- regular anonymous questionnaires / surveys
- support for anyone that has gone through abuse
- established whistleblowing policies and support for whistleblowers
- policy that if someone has been convicted / known for abuse in one country they are boycotted in other countries e.g. sanctions
- grants and awards for good practices
- youth coaching parents can be a barrier
What are strategies for promoting more empowering environments in sport?
Educational interventions allow for empowering coaching
- theoretically grounded method of education
- coaches / leaders matter
evidence shows climate created by coach -> need satisfaction / frustration -> motivation quality -> psychological development, well-being, enjoyment, continued participation
Features of educational workshop
- dont tell teach
- aim to help empower and inform
What are protective factors in terms of SDT and abusive coaching?
Autonomous motivation
Competence need satisfaction
Autonomy need satisfaction
Relatedness need satisfaction
Autonomy-supportive environments
Socially-supportive environments
Structure (in autonomy supportive manner)
Task-involving environments
Empowering climate
Task orientation
Self esteem
What are risk factors in terms of self determination theory and abusive coaching?
Controlled motivation
Amotivation
Low competene need satisfaction / competence need frustration
Low autonomy need satisfaction / autonomy need frustration
Low relatedness need satisfaction / relatedness need frustration
Controlling environments
Structure (controlling, low autonomy support)
Ego-involving environments
Disempowering environments
Ego orientation
Contingent self worth
