mental health literacy Flashcards
(16 cards)
What is mental health literacy?
Knowledge and beliefs of mental disorders which aid their recognition, management and prevention including knowing how to prevent mental disorder, recognising when a disorder is developing, knowing about help-seeking options and available treatments, knowing about self-help strategies, and mental health first aid skills to support others affected by mental health problems (Jorm, 2012).
What are the main components of mental health literacy?
Knowledge, attitudes and help-seeking efficacy
Understanding of how to obtain and maintain good mental health
Understanding mental disorders and their treatments
Decreasing stigma related to mental disorders
Enhancing help-seeking efficacy
Why is mental health literacy needed in sport?
Elite athletes have been found to have poor mental health literacy (Coyle et al., 2017)
Peak age of competitive sport coincides with onset of mental health problems
Culture of sport has unique risks
Prevalence rates of mental health problems similar -> higher compared to general population
Higher levels of stigma
Lower levels of help-seeking
What evidence is there that peak age of competitive performance overlaps with peak risk of mental disorder onset?
Marin, 2016 found average onset of Sz, bipolar and major depressive disorder mean was 22, 25, and 32 and range from around 12- 35/40. Anxiety disorder onset from 5-20 years old on average around 11.
Kessler, 2007, average onset = 16-24
Longo et al., 2016 found average for many sports range from 23.2-32.6 for peak performance in men and 19.4-30.2 for women across sports. Anxiety disorders more commonly diagnosed younger, but so is peak performance in many female sports, and women are more frequently diagnosed (National Institute of Mental Health)
What evidence is their for the unique risks of sport?
Participating in competitive sports often places the athlete under intense physical, psychological, and emotional demands (Crocker & Graham, 1995, p325).
Hanton, Fletcher & Coughlan (2005) identified specific risks such as catch-22 of needing money to gain medals but also not getting financial support unless in medals. Worry of performing despite having skills.
What evidence is there for the prevalance of mental health in sport in comparison to the general population?
12-month prevalence of common mental disorder in adults is ~9-19%. Systematic review of depressive symptoms in high-performing athletes found high depression symptoms ranged from 6.7% to 34.0%. Higher prevalence with higher levels of competition, injuries, >3 concussions, female and individual sport athletes. 17-45% of common mental disorder in French & Australian elite athletes (Gulliver et al., 2015; Schaal et al., 2011). 18% distress - 40% anxiety / depression in retired professional footballers (Gouttebarfe et al., 2016).
What evidence is there for increased stigma around MH in sport?
Gulliver et al., 2012 discuss barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking for young elite athletes and found stigma to be a main barrier.
What is stigma?
An interrelated concept with mental health literacy
Percieved negative attribute that causes someone to devalue or think less of the whole person (Goffman, 1963)
what types of stigma are there?
Public/ social stigma
Self-stigma
Perceived stigma
Anticipated stigma
Experience dstigma
Stigma by association
Structural stigma
Why is there stigma for mental health in sport?
Delenardo and Terrion (2014) suggest negative stereotypes associate with mental illness. Cultural and masculinity perspectives in sport that value being strong and view help seeking as being weak
What common barriers are there for seeking mental health treatment?
Lack knowledge and understanding of MH symptoms and disorders
Negative past experiences with MH treatment-seeking
Busy schedules
Hypermasculinity
Castaldelli-Maia et al., 2019
What are internalising disorder?
Specific type of emotional and behavioural problem that are developed and maintained to a great extent within individuals (Merrel, 2008)
Referred to as secret illness
What are externalising disorders?
A disorder that is exhibited with outward behaviours that reflect difficulties controlling emotions and impulses
What is the difference between internalising and externalising disorders?
Internalising problems comes from an issue of overcontrol in an attempt to regulate internal emotional and cognitive state whereas eternalising behaviours cause impairment to at least one life domain e.g. academic, occupational or family functioning. Arise from undercontrol or poor self-regulation.
What are the main signs + symptoms of internalising disorders?
Feeling sad, lonely, unwanted or unloved
Being withdrawn and not socialising
Becoming irritable or nervous
Not wanting to communicate or talk with anyone
Having difficulty concentrating or focusing
Sleeping more than usual
Self-defeating talk
Substance abuse
Suicidal thoughts, attempts and ideation
What are the main signs and symptoms of externalising disorders?
Verbal and physical aggressiveness towards other people or animals
Inattentiveness
Disobedience
Criminal behaviour
