mental health interventions Flashcards
(14 cards)
What is the difference between mental illness prevention and mental health promotion?
WHO (2002) designed framework for mental health prevention which involves three levels (primary, secondary and tertiary). Idea with prevention is that aiming to stop something from happening. Mental health promotion aims to promote psychological wellbeing and strengthen abilities to adapt to adversity and build resilience and competence.
What are non-sport examples of mental illness prevention?
Secondary prevention non-sport: NIH information about eating disorders, “about more than food”. Delaying treatment damages recovery NIH
Tertiary prevention: Public health England, ‘Health Matters’ information on smoking in people with SMI (e.g. schz and bipolar) and its adverse effects
- Benefits of stopping smoking including stop smoking support and expression of what stopping can do e.g. effective as antidepressants + reduce the amount of psychiatric medication needed
What are sport examples of mental illness prevention?
For eating disorders:
Universal primary prevention: psychological skills training and mindfulness training in sport (Rothlin et al., 2020)
- with emotional control: improved training and improved competition
Selective primary prevention: Bodies in motion (Voelker et al., 2019)
- Program aimed to support positive body image in female collegiate athletes
- Targeted cognitive dissonance and mindful self-compassion
- 35 min intro session and 4x75 min sessions In groups with homework and used special social media - interactive platform, during and post program
Intervention group has less internalisation of thin appearance ideals than control group. May also experience improved emotional wellbeing and relationships with their bodies
Indicated primary prevention: Teach athletes with disorder eating how to engage in healthy, non-disordered ways of eating and maintaining healthy weight
Secondary prevention: Athletes Bodies in Balance workshop to decrease stigma and increase help-seeking. Martin et al., 2002: intervention aimed to improve eating pathology help-seeking in student athletes. AImed at male and female athletes. Open to all regardless of current eating pathology so early prevention AND increase treatment utilisation with those with EP.
75min workshop for psychoeduction on EP/EP treatment and stigma reduction on EP/EP treatment.
Found intervention group had more positive attitudes and greater intentions to seek help for EP than control.
At follow up 5.06x more likely to complete complimentary consultation
3.75x more likely to seek help from any source
2.08x more likely to refer a friend to seek help
Tertiary prevention: mindfulness-based eating awareness training (MN-EAT) for binge eating. RCT by Kristeller, Wolever and Sheets (2014)/
- Found improvements in eating, weight, mood, physiological regulation and purging behaviours
what is the impact of mindfulness on mood + dysregulation disorders?
cultivates awareness of internal experiences
interrupts highly conditioned patterns
Integrates high-level processes
Decreases stress reactivity
Empowers a sense of control and self-acceptance
What are sport and non-sport examples of mental health promotion?
Non-sport: Five ways to wellbeing (mind): these steps have been researched and developed by the New Economics Foundation.
Non-sport: My Strengths Training for LifeTM Programe (MST4LifeTM)
- strengths based programme for developing young people’s mental skills to be more resilient, improve perceptions of self-worth and enhance mental well-being. Short-term had improved engagement, optimism, happiness, resilience, self-worth, persevereance and connectednes.
Discuss the overlapping and complimentary nature of mental illness prevention and mental health promotion
Mental health promotion can be for those not at risk, with increased risk and suffering/ recovering from mental problem.
What are primary, secondary and tertiary preventions?
Primary prevention is aiming to stop the development of the disease in the first place
Secondary prevention involves trying to stop the severity of the disease when already have symptoms
Tertiary prevention: trying to limit associated disability with the disease - e.g. poor physical activity, low body weight, trying to minimise broader life consequences
What are the types of primary prevention?
Universal prevention: targeting the general public or whole population group
Selective prevention: targeting individuals or subgroups of the population whose risk of developing a mental disorder is significantly higher than that of the rest of the population’
Indicated prevention: targeting persons at high-risk for mental disorders
Discuss challenges faced by coaches for implementing preventative behaviours.
Preventative behaviours such as engaging in healthy self-care practices (primary). Providing athletes / parents / guardians with information about where care can be sought from a licensed practitioner with mental health service competencies
Establishing bidirectional coach-athlete relationships that emphasise honesty and openness
Coaches expressing to athletes a willingness to modify sport-related responsibilities to accommodate treatment and recovery
- often coaches may not see their own mental health as a priority and be more focussed on the mental health of their athletes.
are all seen as least feasible approaches for prevention by coaches. (Bissett et al., 2020)
Lack of training around referral pathways and “what do if concerned about an athlete’s mental wellbeing” (Purcell, Gwyther & Rice, 2019)
What can be recommended to help coaches overcome challenges of mental health promotion?
Workshops that deliver content tailored to sport and development stage for coaches as well as athletes for mental health literacy (Purcell, Gwyther and Rice, 2019)
Why is a comprehensive mental health framework needed for elite sport?
Suggested by Purcell, Gwyther and Rice (2019)
Recommend being focused mainly on building mental health literacy e.g. awareness of signs of mental illness.
As”improving awareness and help-seeking behaviours are at best pointless, and at worst unsafe, if systems of care to respond to athlete’s need are not available” p.2
Helps ensure that there is a plan / protocol for when their is a mental health emergency
What are evidence-based recommendations for what should be included in mental health frameworks for elite sport?
Kuttel and Larson, 2019: provide a conceptual map of protective and risk factors for elite athlete’s mental health. Recommend prevention of modifiable risk factors and increasing protection factors.
Purcell, Gwyther and Rice (2019): present a spectrum of mental health promotion for when there should be prevention, treatment, and continuing care. It also touches on where early intervention should occur and when recovery should be the focus. Preventative components include mental health literacy, individually focused development programs and mental health screening.
Mental health screening - such as the athlete psychological strain questionnaire (APSQ) Gouttebarge et al., 2021
- Coaches should be able to complete early symptom identification and promote health seeking
Early intervention such as made by the English Institute of Sport’s Mental Health Referral Programme. Confidential services which can be accessed by a number of routes. For depression, stress, anxiety, EDs, OCD and addictions. Access support, receive assessment, referral to psychiatrist or psychologist and programme.
Inclusion of a mental health emergency action management plan e.g. by Currie et al., 2019 - accounts for all situations, considers suitable facilitates and clinical expertise and develop and rehearse plan
Feasible coach behaviours identified by Bissett et al., 2020 include coaches verbally communicating with athletes that they believe it is important to seek help
Coaches contacting emergency services if they believe an athlete is an immediate threat to themselves or others
Following their sporting organisation’s emergency mental health protocol, unless there is not one and should remain with athlete until emergency services arrive / licensed practitioner intiates steps for care if athlete is risk to themselves
What are key components of mental health literacy?
Purcell, Gwyther and Rice, 2019
- Athlete-specific and general risk factors that can increase susceptibility to mental ill-health
- Key signs or symptoms of impaired wellbeing
- How and from whom to seek help, both within and outside the sport
- Basic techniques for athletes to self-manage transient mood states or psychological distress
Why should an ecological perspective be taken when planning and implementing a mental health framework for elite sport?
Guiding principle of framework for mental health interventions presented by Purcell, Gwyther and Rice, 2019
International Society of Sport Psychology’s consensus statement includes: “the environment can nourish or malnourish athlete mental health” (Henriksen et al., 2020)
