Active Immunity

Question 1

Two kinds. of acquired immunity

Answer 1

Natural and artificial

Question 2

Two kinds of natural immunity

Answer 2

Active immunity: As consequence of a person developing own immune response to a microbe
Passive immunity: In consequences of one person receiving performed immunity made by another person (by breast feeding, the IgA)

Question 3

How does IgA funciton in breast milk

Answer 3

The IgA agglutigates to pathogens present IN the breast milk before it even gets to the baby

Question 4

Two kinds of artificial immunity

Answer 4

Active immunity: Antibodies produced outside the body, introduced to the body bc a person has been exposed to a pathogen (Only helps if introduced in early stages of infection
Passive immunity:
Antibodies = antiserum
Produced by animal, antibodies are purified and then injected to person\

Question 5

Vaccination

Answer 5

Process of introducing antigen into body - route of administration may vary

Question 6

Immunization

Answer 6

What results from vaccinations stimulating immunity

Vaccine induces Abs production nand activated Cell-mediated immunity callrs to protect host from future infection

Question 7

Infant/childhood immunizations include booster doses for

Answer 7

tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough and polio

Question 8

At what age are boosters first given

Answer 8

Kindergarten

Question 9

What booster is given following any deep injury

Answer 9

Booster tetanus toxoid

Question 10

Four major types of vaccines

Answer 10

Whole cells (live attenuated or inactivated-killed)
Acellular or subunit (part of the cell, NOT whole thing) : (toxoid (part of toxin), recombinant vaccine)
Conjubated (Two components, joined together) (capsule+protein) - greater stimulation of the immune system (Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine)
Nucleic acid: DNA or RNA (covid19 vaccine)

Question 11

Attentuated vaccines

Answer 11

(Live but avirulent)
Longer term protection w/o booster, effective, closely mimic actual infection
Disadvantages: Potential stronger sideaffects, virus occasionally reverts to the toxic type (rare)

Question 12

Examples of attentuated vaccines

Answer 12

viral vaccines: Measella, rubella, poli, chickpoc
Bacterial vaccines: TB, and typhoid

Question 13

Two types to administer a whle cell vaccine

Answer 13

Attentuated (Live but avirulent)
Inactivated/killed

Question 14

Inactivated vaccine

Answer 14

Heat or chemical killing/inactivation (chemicals: formalin or phenol)
Less effective, require boosters

Whole organism used
Advangtages: Produces several types of Antibodies, some more effective than others

Question 15

Examples of inactivated vaccines

Answer 15

Viral vaccines: Rabies (og), polio (salk), influenza
Bacterial vaccine: whoopign cough, cholera, pneumococcal pneumonia

Question 16

Acellular or subunit vaccines

Answer 16

Antigenic fragments of a pathogen that best stimulates an immune response
Capsular polysacchardie (part of capsule)
Surface antigenic proteins
Toxoid(inactivated toxin)

Question 17

How are subunit vaccines produced

Answer 17

by genetic modification technique

Question 18

Example of acellular vaccine

Answer 18

Heb B Vaccine

Question 19

Nucleic Acid vaccine

Answer 19

DNA/RNA is artificially produced, and purity is assured
Can be expressed for extended times with good immunological memory
Several genes can be mixed and injected as one vaccine
DNA/RNA sequences can be produced cheaply and very quickly
Genes can be quickly isolated from any organism and vaccines can be generated
Bare bones type of vaccines (minimum stuff required ot make a vaccine)

Question 20

Example of DNA vaccines

Answer 20

Covid 19

Question 21

Why do some vaccine- preventable diseases persist?

Answer 21

Microbes persist in the environment - cannot be eliminated
Some vaccine formulations need extra boosters to remain effective
Avoidance of vaccination
Lower rate of vaccination due to poverty and lack of health infrastructure

Question 22

How many phases of clinical trials

Answer 22

4

Question 23

Phase 1 goal to determine

Answer 23

Is the new drug/treatnent safe

Question 24

Phase 1 involves

Answer 24

Involves 10-80 volunteers
Volunteers closely monitored for toxicity, side effects, dosagel levels, route of administration (not necessarily looking at efficacy)
Abt 70% of drugs proceed to phase 2

Question 25

Goal of phase 2

Answer 25

Does the new drug/treatment work

Question 26

Phase 2 involves

Answer 26

100-300 volunteers Volunteers receive dose determined to be most effective in phase 1 May last up to two years and new combinations of drugs also tested Although more people invovled still may not pickup all the risks Therw is need foro some people to have the condition being teated Abut 30% of drugs/treatments proceed to phase 3

Question 27

Phase 3 goals

Answer 27

Is new drug/treatment better than what we have

Question 28

Phase 3 involves

Answer 28

Involves 1000s-10,000s (across countries) Volunteers randomly assigned to groups Double blind studies used (people administering and receiving treatment don’t know if recieving treatment or placebo) May last several years Although more people involved, still may not pick up all the risks If successful, durg/treatment manufacturers ay then apply for approval 25-30% proceed to phase 4

Question 29

Emergency use authorization

Answer 29

Trials have been done and proven to work, during crisis, they can be used before approval

Question 30

Phase 4 goal

Answer 30

What else can we learn abt drug/treatment?

Question 31

Phase 4 involves

Answer 31

Involvese collecting data as the drug/treatment is rolled out Since drug is now being administerd to large population, some rare side effects may apperar (blood clots in Astrzeneca) What are long term side effects Phase 4 clinical trials are generally safest (drug has already been extensively studeied)

Question 32

When could an emergecy use authorization occur?

Answer 32

Phase 3 or even 2

Question 33

Adjuvants

Answer 33

Nontoxic materials added to vaccines to enhance immunogenicity of highly purified antigens Increases the effectibenes of vaccines Multivalent DPT or DPT-polio vaccine uses aluminum salts Some adjuvants can cause allergic reactions

Question 34

Examples of adjuvants

Answer 34

Aluminum salts, phosphates, oil-and water emulsion

Question 35

Multivalnet vaccine benefits

Answer 35

Individuals vaccines often combined Reduces number of injections children are subjected to

Question 36

Comon ultivalent vaccine in Canada

Answer 36

Dipttheria (d), and acellular Pertussis and Tetanus toxoid (T) - DaPT Salk polio vaccine added - DaPT - polio vaccine Pentavelent vaccine DaPT-polio-Hib