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BIO233 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

German Scientist responsible for originally challenging spontaeous generation

A

Rudolf Virchow

Also argued for biogenesis

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2
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur

using the S neck flask experiment

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3
Q

Which techniques prevent such microorganisms from being introduced to nutrient-rich environments, and they are now the standard practice in medical and scientific settings.

A

Aseptic

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4
Q

Symptom vs sign

A

Symptom is subjective expereineced by the patient

Signs are objective indicators of a sickness

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5
Q

5 main types of pathogens responsible for diseases

A

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helmets, and variouses

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6
Q

bacteria are

A

Single cell, prokaryotic organisms reproduceing asexually

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7
Q

3 shapes of bacteria

A

Coccus, bascillus or spiral

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8
Q

fungi

A

eurkaryotes reproducing asexually and sexually

Unicellular and multicellular

Not photosynthetic

absorb organic nutrients from decomposing material in the environment.

contain carbohydrate chitin in cell walls

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9
Q

Yeast

A

unicellular fungi that are larger than bacteria and typically oval

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10
Q

Molds

A

Multicellular fungi, composed of long fillaments of cell

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11
Q

protozoa

A

unicellular eukaryoties (some are parastic)

many are motile and free entities

Some are even photosynthetic

Sexual or asexual repro

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12
Q

Helminths

A

parastic worms

multicellular animal parasites

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13
Q

Viruses

A

Acellular

contain core surrounded by protein coat

Containing EITHER RNA or DNA
Parasties

require host to reproduce

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14
Q

Ringworm is caused by

A

Fungus

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15
Q

Bacteria cell walls contain

A

Peptidoglycan

Both RNA and DNA

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16
Q

What did Redi’s experiments determine

A

The results of his experiment demonstrated that living organisms are derived from other living organisms.

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17
Q

Who is responsible for connecting microbes to diseases in peopel?

A

Pasteur prevent such microorganisms from being introduced to nutrient-rich environments, and they are now the standard practice in medical and scientific settings.

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18
Q

provided the first definitive data linking bacteria to disease with his observations of anthrax in cattle.

A

Robert Koch

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19
Q

Who discovered penicilin

A

Alexander Fleming

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20
Q

How was penicilin first observed

A

he growth of S. aureus was inhibited by a molecule produced by mold.

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21
Q

Microorganisms that regularally populate the human body are

A

microbial genome

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22
Q

Archaea

A

May lack cell walls, but if they have cell walls, the walls lack peptidoglycan.

not known to cause disease

often found in extreme environments

both RNA and DNA

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23
Q

Human resistance factors

A

Barriers such as the skin, mucous mumebranes etc.

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24
Q

Why is MRSA concerning

A

It is a transmissible disease

It is resistent to penecillin

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25
Q

Major feature used to classify organisms into domains of Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

A

presence or absence of peptidoglycan

presence or absence of a nucleus

nutritional and metabolic factors

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26
Q

Biofilm

A

Microorganisms that attach to each other and/or some usually solid surface

can be found are in the plaque on your teeth, on a rock in a lake, in and on medical devices, and water pipes.

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27
Q

Describe gene therapy

A

use of a harmless virus to insert a gene in a host cell

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28
Q

Prokaryote

A

Organism lacking membrane bound nucleus and organelles

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29
Q

Eukaryote

A

Containing membrane bound nucleus

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30
Q

Parisitology

A

The study of protozoa and worms

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31
Q

How do bacteria reproduce

A

Binary fission

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32
Q

Algae are

A

Photosynthetic and eukaryotic

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33
Q

What kinds of foods are microbes used to aid in the production of ?

A

vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, soy sauce, cheese, yogurt, bread, and alcoholic beverage

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34
Q

What kinds of substances can bacteria be manipulated to produce ?

A

cellulose, human insulin, and proteins for vaccines

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35
Q

Microbiome/microbiota

A

Microbes living stably within the human biome

40 trillion bacterial cells

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36
Q

What does microorganism means?

A

An organism too smalll to be seen with the ey

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37
Q

Major roles of microorganisms

A

Few are pathogenic (disease-producing)
Some cause food spoilage
Decompose organic waste
Incorporate nitrogen gas in air into organic compounds
Generate oxygen by photosynthesis
Produce chemical products: ethanol, acetone, and vitamins
Produce fermented foods: vinegar, cheese, yogurt, alcoholic beverages, and bread
Can be used in industry to manufacture products: cellulose, insulin, drugs (antibiotics)

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38
Q

Major ways bicrobiome mainatins health?

A

Can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes (By outcompeting pathogen in numbers)
May help train the immune system to discriminate threats
Synthesize vitamins needed for the body

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39
Q

Two parts of microorganism name

A

Genus is capitalized; specific epithet (SPECIES name) is lowercase

Whole name is italicized

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40
Q

Who discovered E. coli

A

Theodor Escherich

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41
Q

Meaning of Staphylococcus aureus

A

Staph = clustered
Coccus = Spherical
Aureus = gold coloured

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42
Q

Three domains of microorganims

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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43
Q

Main filums of Eukarya

A

Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals

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44
Q

Major types of microorganisms (Organized from smallest to largest)

A

Virus
Bacteria
Protozoans & Fungi (Similar)
Protozoans

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45
Q

Nanometer vs micrometer

A

Nanometer is 1000x smaller than micrometer

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46
Q

Terms denotes microbes causing infection

A

infectious
infectious agents
pathogens
pathogenic microorganisms

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47
Q

Bacteria cell vs Eukarote

A

Eukaryote 10x larger

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48
Q

Staph infection resident or transient in people

A

Generally transient however it can become resident in HCP

49
Q

Resident bacteria composing 60% of LI

A

E. coli

50
Q

Are most people at risk for C. Diff?

A

No, our E. coli population outcompetes it, however, immunocompromised people are

51
Q

Function of appendix

A

Harbors good bacteria
Trains bodys immune systems to recognize pathogens

52
Q

Carl Woese

A

Developed classification system for microbes

53
Q

Major cause of cervical cancer

A

HPV, which is an infectious organism

54
Q

Types of infectious agents

A

Prions: misfolded proteins diseases causing mad cow disease
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Algae (Non-infectious/toxins)
Protozoa
Helminths: Tapes worms, flukes
Arthropods (ticks, fleas, insects)

55
Q

Prions

A

Misfolded proteins responsible for synthesizing mad cow disease

56
Q

Study of microorganisms broken into

A

Bacteriology
Virology
Mycology (study of fungi)
Parasitology (study of parasites: protozoans, worms, insects)

57
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Gave us the idea of cells (All living things are composed of cells)
Marked the beginning of the cell theory

58
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

First observation of microbes via magnifying glass
Viewed animalcuels (bacteria, protozoa)

59
Q

What is a theory in science

A

What science knows as the truth
Proven through experiments
Knowledge that is believed to be the case

60
Q

Spontaneus Generation Debate

A

Hypothesis: Living organisms arise from non-living matter
A “vital force” gives rise to life

Rebuttal: Biogeneisis hypothesis: Living organisms arise from preexisting life (Living organisms)

61
Q

Are helminths and anthropods microbes?

A

No

62
Q

John Needham

A

Experiment involving adding broth to UNSTERILIZED JAR resulting in bacterial growth

Sterilizing jar resulting in none

Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids

63
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter through his S flask experiment

Invented pasteurization (Heating before sealing to prevent microorganisms from growing) and fermentation

64
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Performed surgery under aseptic conditions using phenol. Proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections
Listerine mouthwash (disinfects the mouth)

65
Q

Robert Koch

A

Germ theory: Specific bacteria cause specific diseases
Pure cultures: Organisms can be isolated to very high purity
First isolated the bacteria causing tuberculosis and cholerae

66
Q

Gram scientist credited for

A

Gram-staining procedure

67
Q

Petri credited for

A

Invented the petri dish allowing for the exchange of air for bacterial growth

68
Q

What was the 2nd era of microbiology focused on

A

Treating diseases
chemotherapy. synthetic drugs
Antibiotics:

69
Q

3rd era of microbiolgy ofcus on

A

Molecular Biology
Genetic manipulations and genomics

70
Q

Ehrlich “magic bullet”

A

If we study microorganisms and study the hosts we can identify something to target microorganisms without injuring the host

71
Q

Penecillin discovery

A

Fleming - credited with the discovery of penicillin

  • Did not use antiseptic techniques, and accidentally created penicillin (a fungi)
  • Penicillin inhibits the growth of staph
72
Q

Charpentier and doudna credited with

A

Credited with discovering gene editing

73
Q

Clinical microbiology:

A

Biology of medically important microorganisms

74
Q

Chemotherapy and Microbial Physiology

A

Control of microorganisms

75
Q

Microbial Pathogenesis & Host defense

A

Virulence factors & host-pathogen interaction

76
Q

Microbial Ecology

A

Microbiota & biofilm

77
Q

Biotechnology

A

Practical applications of microbiology (biotechnology)

78
Q

Immunity, Immunology & Vaccinology

A

Host Immunization, allergies, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune diseases

79
Q

Epidemiology & public health microbiology:

A

Movement of diseases in populations, emerging infectious diseases, Case studies of common infectious diseases

80
Q

Three approaches to studying infectious diseases

A

Organismal approach: focus on type of organism
Bacterial diseaes, etc.

Body systems approach: Focus on body parts infected
Skin infections, cardiovascular system infections, UTIs, repro infections etc.

Ecological approach: How does the person become infected/route of infection

81
Q

Clinical vs diagnostic microbiology

A

Clinical : Mostly looking at associating bw pathogens and diseases
Focused on treating/dealing with what we DO know
We know the problem, we want to confirm that you have

Diagnostic: Identification of medically important microorganisms in laboratory, WHAT is causing the problem

Focused on what we dont know
Culturing, biochemical tests, micrioscopy, staining etc.
The hunting stage

82
Q

How many bacteria have been identified

A

Around 1 million of an estimated 10 million

83
Q

Why aren’t viruses living

A

Behave like they are living when they are in/on a host (multiplication)
Does not multiply without host
NOT COMPOSED OF CELLS

84
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Proposed nomenclature for organisms (binomial naming system)

85
Q

Credited with developing the first vaccine
Cowpox caused an immunity against smallpox

A

Edward Jenner

86
Q

Two main types of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria archaea

87
Q

Most common shapes of bacteria

A

Baillus (rod like), coccus (spherical), and spiral

88
Q

Can bacteria move? Or are they stationary

A

Many bacteria can propell themselves with cillia or flagella

89
Q

Slime molds

A

Credited with developing the first vaccine
Cowpox caused an immunity against smallpox

90
Q

Who’s discovery marked the begining of cell theory

A

Hookes

91
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and Hookes

A

Anton invented an improved microscope (lens) that allowed for greater resolution than Hookes managed

92
Q

Who demonstrated that microbes are present in the air>

A

Pasteur

93
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease

(1) The causative agent must be isolated in every case of the disease.

(2) The causative agent must be cultured outside the host.

(3) When injected into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease.

(4) The same etiologic agent must be cultured from the once healthy host when it becomes sick.

94
Q

True or false : Gene expression is very similar for all living organisms

A

True

95
Q

How were microbes connected to diseases?

A

Pasteur demonstrated that microbes are responsible for food spoilage, leading researchers to the connection between microbes and disease.

96
Q

First golden age of microbiology

A

Led by Pasteur and Koch

Discoveries included both the agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in preventing and curing disease

Fermentation
Pasturization
Gram-staining
petri dish
Germ theory (Koch)
Cure for tuberculosis

97
Q

Who is mainly responsible for the germ theory

A

Koch

98
Q

Fermentation

A

Discoveries included both the agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in preventing and curing disease

99
Q

What is the germ teoryh

A

The idea that microorganisms could be responsible for disease

100
Q

Diseases were originally thought to be

A

Punishment for crimes/sins

101
Q

The first vaccine was for

A

Smallpox

102
Q

Virulence

A

Ability to cause disease

103
Q

Chemotherapuy

A

Treatment of disease via chemial substsance

104
Q

Antibiotics

A

Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that act against bacteria

105
Q

First antibiotic discovered

A

Penilciln by ALexander Fleming

106
Q

Microbial gneetics

A

produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that act against bacteria

107
Q

Bioremediation

A

Using Microbes to convert pllutants or toxins into energy for the bacteria or less harmful substances to humans

108
Q

Commericial use of microbes to protect crop food resources is called

A

Biotechnology

109
Q

Gene therapuy

A

This technique uses an enzyme or harmless virus to carry the missing or new gene into certain host cells, where the gene is picked up and inserted into the appropriate chromosome.

110
Q

Purpose of biofilms

A

They protect your mucous membranes from harmful microbes, and biofilms in lakes are an important food for aquatic animals. Biofilms can also be harmful. They can clog water pipes, and on medical implants such as joint prostheses and catheter

111
Q

MSRA

A

methicillin-resistant S. aureus

penicillin-resistant S. aureus became a major threat in hospitals in the 1950s, requiring the use of methicillin, and now methicillin is largely resisted agianst requiring the use of vancomycin

112
Q

Who demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with immunity to smallpox.

A

Edward Jenner

113
Q

what are vaccines made from

A

from living avirulent micro-organisms or killed pathogens, from isolated components of pathogens, and by recombinant DNA techniques

114
Q

Light microscopes useful for what range of size?

A

1mm-200nm

115
Q

Range of TEM

A

10 nm- 100 micrometers

Ribosomes and RBCs

116
Q

What is the condensor in an electron microscope?

A

Electromagnet

117
Q

What is an ecological approach focused on?

A

How a person becomes affected

118
Q
A

BIO233 (18 decks)

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