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BIO233 > Principles of infectious diseases and epidemiology > Flashcards

Principles of infectious diseases and epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Human genome project

A

(set out to map all the microorganisms in the body)

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2
Q

Symbiosis

A

Interactions bw different species within a community
At least one is dependent upon the other

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3
Q

Commensalism

A

One population benefitted, the other is not affected

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4
Q

Ciliary escalator

A

Cilia in nsal cavity and resp tract tht moves trapped bacteria towards the outside

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5
Q

E.coli: Mutualism:

A

Produce usuefyl vitamins, and outcompete pathogens and hosts provide E.cole with nutrients

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6
Q

Microbial antagonism

A

Competition bw microbes

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7
Q

Opportunistic pathogens:

A

Normal microbiota that can be pathogenistic under certain circumstances
I.e E.coli, staphylococcus

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8
Q

Koch Postulates

A

Establishing causal relationship bw pathogen and infectious disease
Same pathogen is present in every case of disease
Pathogen must be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture
Pathogen from pure culture must cause disease in healthy lab animal
Pathofen must be isolated from inoculated animal and shown to be the original pathogen

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9
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s postulates

A

Some disease can be caused by multiple pathogens
I.e pneumonia
Dysbiosis disease - Diseases caused by disturbance of normal flora
I.e. Yeast infection (When lactobacillus are low, yeast organism conc. increase)
One organism ca ncause several disease conditions
I.e. Scarlet fever is the same organism that causes the flesh eating disease, Streptococcus pyogenes
Same agents are not culturalble in the lab
Some pathogens only cause disease in humans

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10
Q

Role of epidemiology

A

to learn how to treat and prevent the spread of disease

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11
Q

Epidemic vs pandemic

A

Significant more than usual occurrence of a disease in an area (continent)

Pandemic is a significant over occurrence of a given disease on multiple continents at once

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12
Q

Most common type of nosocomial infection

A

UTI

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12
Q

Passive transfer of a vector of disease

A

The spread of disease by a fly walking over food

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12
Q

Classifying infectious. disease

A

Acute infection: Immediate affect, no long term effect

Acute infection (late compilcation): Immediate affect, long term effect later on

Latent infection: Immediate affect, later recurrence (acute)

Chronic infection: Once effected, continous level of infection

Chronic infection (late comlication): ONce effected, continues constant until infection hits crisis point

Slow infection: No accute stage until right at the end (prions)

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13
Q

Systemic infection

A

Affecting multiple organs and spread via blood and or lymph (shock infections, fungal infections)

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14
Q

Focal infection

A

Agent travels through blood or lymph, cause disease, one site/organ (infectious endocarditis after oral surgery

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15
Q

Subclinical disease

A

No noticeale signs or sypmtoms (Potential carriers of the disease
I.e. H.pylori, germs on hands, staphaureus)

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16
Q

Bacteremia

A

Bacteria in the blood

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17
Q

Viremia

A

Viruses in the blood

18
Q

Toxemia

A

Toxins in the blood

19
Q

Speticemia

A

Multiplication of pathogen in blood (Blood poisoning), can lead to sepsis (gneerlizaed inflammation of the blood vesesl

20
Q

5 Stages of disease

A

Incubation: Before and signs or symptoms (Very few microbes)

Prodromal: Early mild symptoms of disease

Illness: Most sever disease signs/sypmtoms

Decline: Fewer signs /symptoms

Concalescence: Patient regains strength (Body returns to predeceased state)

21
Q

At which stage in the disease are you contagious

A

any

22
Q

Reservoirs of infection

A

Allow pathogens to survive, replicate and transmit to others
Human - human infectious disease depend oup on human reservoirs
Humans
Animals: diseases transmitted from animals to humans are called zoonoses
Non-living - soil , water, food etc.

23
Q

5 forms pf disease transmission

A

direct contact
indirect contact
droplet transmission
vehicle transmission
Vector transmission (insects)

24
Q

Direct contact

A

(horizontal - physical contact; vertical, mother to fetus/newborn)

25
Q

Indirect contact

A

(Fomites - inanimate object that facilitae spread of a pathogen)

26
Q

Droplet transmission:

A

Short range droplet nuclei

27
Q

Vehicle transmission

A

Foodborne
Waterborne
Airborne: Small droplets that remain airborne for extended periods of time (aerosolized) can travel more than 1 m from host

28
Q

Vector transmission (insects)

A

Mechanical: Passive transport of pathogen
Biological: BIting/feeding on the host

29
Q

WHy should we expect increased incidents of emerging infectious diseases?

A

Increased population: Increasing habitat, therefore encountering new pathogens
Travel means microorganisms can travel
Climate change: Mosquitoes tend to carry diseases in tropical areas, but with increased temperature, pathogens can survive in larger areas
Grwoing immunocompromised population
Decreased herd immunity (majority vaccination protects those who are not)
Antibiotic resistant organisms

30
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

HAI

31
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of the causes, distribution and control of disease in human populaitons

32
Q

What does epidemiology attempt. to determine

A

Causitive agent
Source/reservoir of agent
Mechanism of transmission
Host and environmental factors that facilitate development of disease
Best control measures

33
Q

Communicable disease

A

Diseases that can spread from one host to another

34
Q

Contagious diseaes

A

Diseasess that EASILY spread from one host to another

35
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

Disease that are not transmitted from one host to anther

Botulism and tetanus: BC they’re caused by toxins in the bacteria, NOT the bacteria itself

36
Q

Descriptive epidimeiology (restrospective study)

A

Collection and analysis of data caoncerning disease (i.e. individuals affected, place, period etc.)
John Snow

37
Q

Analytical (case control study)

A

Comparison of diseased group and healthy group to determine its probable cause
Florence Nightingale

38
Q

Experimental (cohort study, randomized control study)

A

Begin with a hypothesis and use controlled experiments to test the hypothesis with a group of people
Ignaz Semiwels: Mothers giving birth by help of physicians would die more often than those being helped by midwives
Many mothers died from infections spread by docters lack of cleanliness

39
Q

Epidemic

A

Outbreaks that affect an entire region in a country or group of countries

40
Q

Pandemic

A

Outbreak on global scale

41
Q

Endemic

A

Disease that normally occurs in a particular geographic area (among particular population)
When disease comes under control, certain number of people in population ALWAYS affected (even if it is a small number of individuals, it can never be completely eradicated)

42
Q

*400 new AIDS cases in 2004 (_______) compared to 9000 total cases living with AIDS in 2004 (________)

A

Incidence

Prevalence

43
Q

Why investigate disease outbreaks

A

Prevent additonal cases
Prevent future outbreaks
Increase our understanding of the disease
Eva,uate prevention strategies
Legal, finanial and ethical responsibilibies
Public reassurance
Reduce socio-economic impacts

44
Q

Incidence

A

Fraction of population that ocntracts a disease during a specific time

45
Q

Prevalence

A

Fraction of population having a specific disease at a given time (regardless of when it first appeared; include old and new cases)
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BIO233 (18 decks)

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