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BIO233 > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Compare Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes on 5 points

A

E
Paired chromosomes, membrane bounded
Histones
Have membrane bounded Organelles
Polysaccharide cell walls
Mitotic spindle

P
One circular chromosome, not membrane bounded
No histones
No membrane bounded organelles
Peptidoglycan cell walls (bacteria)
Divide by binary fission

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2
Q

Types of eukaryotic microbes

A

Fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths (multicllular animals/ worms NOT actually microbes)

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3
Q

Two forms of fungi

A

Unicellular - yeasts (Bakers, OR cause inflammation of V)
Multicellular - molds (Penicillium)

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4
Q

saprophytic

A

normally live on decaying organisms

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5
Q

How is fungi beneficial?

A

Decompose dead plants
Symbiosis with palnts
Some are food
Produce medicines

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6
Q

What structure do fungi have?

A

Vegetative

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7
Q

Septate hyphae

A

A type of fungal structure divided into different cells by septums

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8
Q

Coencocytic hypahe

A

A type of fungi without any divisions by septums

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9
Q

Pseudohyphae

A

Result of icomplete budding, no cytoplasmic connection

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10
Q

How does fungi reproduce

A

Asexually by spore release
Sexually by mycelium connections and then spore release

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11
Q

What is yeast

A

Unicellular fungi

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12
Q

What does the term Dimorphic fungi
imply?

A

Two forms of fungi

Yeast like (37C)
Mold like (25C)

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13
Q

Candida albicans

A

Yeast infection
superficial known as Candidiasis
Systemic: Candidemia

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14
Q

Most eukaryotic cells reproduce via

A

Mitotic spindle

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15
Q

What form of reproduction does yeast use?

A

Budding

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16
Q

Why are systemic yeast infections so dangerous?

A

Bc any drug used to attack these cells will ALSO attack your cells as well bc both are eukaryotic

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17
Q

3 main problems associated with pathogenic fungi

A

Mycoses
Mytoxicoses (Mycotoxins)
Hypersensitive allergic reactions

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18
Q

Examples of mycoses

A

Ringworms
Cadida albicans
Crypococcus neoformans (Meningitis)

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19
Q

Mytoxicoses (Mycotoxins)

A

Fungal secondary metabolites, toxic to humans/animals EVEN AT LOW DOSES

(aflatoxins) - attack peanut plants
Most acidogenic naturally occurring compounds

Fumonisins: Produced by fungus that love corn - causes neurological affects in developing fetus

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20
Q

Farmers lungs

A

Allergic reaction resulting from breathing in spores that produced by fungus in the hay

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21
Q

How does a Fungi that produce keratinase affect people?

A

Degrades keratin in skin nails and hair

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22
Q

3 common types of mycoses (fungal infection of body tissue)

A

Cutaneous
-Subcutaneous
Systemic

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23
Q

What kind of infection is athletes foot?

A

Cutaneous mycoses
Epidermophyton floccosum
Tinea pedis

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24
Q

What fungus is the major cause of ringworm

A

Microscoporum canis
- affecting the skin, hair, and nails

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25
Q

Do protozoas require hosts?

A

may require several hosts to complete life cycle

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26
Q

Types of protozoa hosts

A

Definitive host (Host in which parasite matures or reaches reproductive stage and is able to reproduce)
Intermediate host (Harbors developmental stages (larveae)

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27
Q

How to protozoans reproduce?

A

Fission
Budding: Small bud grows on parent (containing dna material, becomes it’s own cell)
Schizogony: Organism undergoes fission of the nucleus without splitting cells

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28
Q

Schizogony

A

Form of reproduction in protozoans where the Organism undergoes fission of the nucleus without splitting cells

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29
Q

Giardia lambia

A

Protozoan that can form cysts
Infects intestines: giardiases (Beaver fever)

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30
Q

What is a cyst

A

(Like endomspore but for eukaryotes): under unfavourable conditions, survival stage

31
Q

Trophozooite

A

Vegetative stage of protozoa, where someone should be treated for a parasitical infection

32
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Anaerobic flagellated protozoan parasite

Most common pathogenic protozoan in industrialized countries
Causes STI - trichomonisasis

Women usually symptomatic and men can be symptomatic
Fishy smelling vaginal discharge

33
Q

What does Trichomonas vaginalis cause

A

STI trichomonisasis

34
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

protozoa infection spread by felines

35
Q

Who are the hosts of Toxoplasma gondii?

A

Definitive hosts are the felines
Intermediaate hosts are people or warm blooded animals

36
Q

How does Toxoplasma gondii spread?

A

Cats eat contaminated meat (cysts)
Gametes fuse to form oocysts in gut epithelium of cats
Oocytes shed in cat feces
Sporulated oocysts taken up via food or water
Warm-blooded animals (intermediate hosts)
Stages of oocyst development take place in heart, brain, eyes etc.

37
Q

Why shouldnt pregnant women do cat liter

A

Could be exposed to Toxoplasma gondii which Can cross the placenta into the devloping fetus to cause miscarriage or fetal neurological damage

38
Q

Tachyzoites

A

(fast reproducing forms of the intermediate stage)

Sporozoites from oocytes differentiate into tachyzoites (rapid) in epithelial cells of small intestines of warm blooded hosts.

39
Q

Bradyzoites

A

(organism starts to slow down, less reproduction, may become cysts)

In intermediate host, cysts for in brain, heart, eyes, and fetus
Cats eat cyst-containing meat to start the cycle cysts.

40
Q

What are the hosts of malaria

A

Definitive host
Anopheles mosquito (female)
Bite for blood meal that is essential for the devlopment of their eggs
Sporozoids contained into sporozoidal glands
When anticoagulation chemicals released into body, sporozoids are released as well
Intermediate host: Humans

41
Q

How does malaria affect the intermediate hosts

A

Red blood cells are lysed by merozoites
Untreated malaria, organisms end up blocking capillaries to brain and heart

42
Q

Explain the plasmodium cycle of reproduction

A

Sporozoites migrate to liver of human
Undergo schizogony and merozoites are produced
Merozoites invade RBCs and reproduce
RBC ruptures releasing meroizoites to continue process and gametes to be passed on

43
Q

Characteristics of helminths

A

Reduced or lack of digestive system
Reduced nervous system (no need to sense)
Reduced locomotion
Complex reproduction

44
Q

What is implied by the complex reproduction of helminths

A

Dioecious (serpeate male and female animals) or monoecious (both female and male reproductive organs - hermaphrodites)
Egg - larva(e) - adult

45
Q

Two forms of helminths

A

Flat worms (Platyhelminthes): Tapeworms, flukes
Nematodes: Roundworms, pinworms

46
Q

How do helminths enter n=body

A

Through ingestion (eggs often found in animal muscle, therefore, will be ingested if undercooked)

47
Q

Parts of tapeworm

A

Neck, very small are - most of the growth takes place

Sucker: Nutrient sucked in

Scolex (The whole head)

Hooks: Attatch to intensitinal wall

Proglottid: parts of worms that mature, farther from the neck, more mature eggs inside. Will eventually break off and disintegrate to release eggs
Contain testies, geneital pore which ocnnects sperm to ovaries

48
Q

Proglottid

A

parts of worms that mature, farther from the neck, more mature eggs inside. Will eventually break off and disintegrate to release eggs

49
Q

Trichinosis

A

Roundworm infection Caused by eating raw or undercooked pork or wild game infected with larvae of roundworm

50
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Infection by nematode worms

51
Q

Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Human ingests egg; egg hatches in intestine; larva crosses intestinal wall and travels to lung; larva is swallowed and matures in intestine; adult females lay eggs; eggs exit host in stool.

52
Q

A unicellular, photosynthetic nucleated cell would belong to which domain?

A

Eukaryote

53
Q

What are the reproductive spores of fungi called?

A

Hyphae

54
Q

What is algaes cell wall composed of

A

Cellulose

55
Q

Protozoa unicellular or multi

A

Unicellular

56
Q

Are humans the deffinitive or intermediate hosts for helminths?

A

Either

57
Q

Where are Helminths found in the body

A

Can be found in a vareity of different body systems

58
Q

Do any eukaryotes lack a mitochondria

A

Giardia and Trichomonas

59
Q

most effective control for malaria

A

eliminate Anopheles mosquitoes

60
Q

You see acid-fast oocysts in a fecal sample from a patient who has diarrhea. What is the MOST likely cause?

A

Cryptosporidium

61
Q

How are helminth eggs released

A

Section of worm called proglottids breaks off and dissolves

62
Q

Mebendazole acts against Ascaris lumbricoides by __________.

A

inhibiting the formation of microtubules, which prevents the worms from absorbing nutrients

63
Q

heterotrophic

A

Eats other animals or palnts instead of making it;s own food

64
Q

Strategies for treating a yeast infection

A

a topical over-the-counter ointment, such as clotrimazole or miconazole

a single oral dose of fluconazole

65
Q

C albicans causes

A

Vaginal yeast infection
Oral thrush
fulminating disease

66
Q

fulminating disease

A

results when the yeast enters the bloodstream and travels throughout the entire body, resulting in a systemic infection. Individuals suffering from AIDS are susceptible to this type of infection.

67
Q

How do blastoconidia and chlamydoconidia produced by yeast differ from bacterial endospores?

A

Blastoconidia and chlamydoconidia are spore structures produced by budding in yeasts, whereas bacterial endospores are produced by bacteria under extreme conditions.

68
Q

How do pseudohyphae in yeasts differ from vegetative hyphae in filamentous fungi?

A

Yeasts use pseudohyphae to invade host tissue, whereas filamentous fungi use their vegetative hyphae for obtaining nutrients.

69
Q

A definitive host harbors which stage of a parasitic cycle?

A

adult

69
Q

Taenia saginata and Taenia solium;

A

tapeworms

70
Q

Best way to prevent human infection by tapeworm

A

Cooking raw meat to kill eggs

71
Q

Infecting more than 2 billion people worldwide, ________ are the most common causes of chronic infectious diseases.

A

intestinal roundworms

72
Q
A
73
Q
A

BIO233 (18 decks)

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