Adipose and Muscle

Question 1

how is fat stored for a source of energy

Answer 1

lipid droplets of triglyceride

Question 2

why are triglycerides a more optimal resource than protein and carbohydrates in a food deprivation event

Answer 2

they offer twice the number of calories and the body has a limited ability to store protein and carbohydrates

Question 3

what two signaling mechanisms does fat have to regulate metabolism

Answer 3

paracrine and hormone signaling

Question 4

what are the two types of adipose tissue

Answer 4

white (unilocular) and brown (multilocular) adipose tissue

Question 5

what type of adipose tissue is more prominent in a fetus and infant

Answer 5

brown adipose tissue

Question 6

what are the four main functions of white adipose tissue

Answer 6

energy storage
insulation
vital organ cushioning
secretions of hormones

Question 7

from what cells are white adipose tissue derived

Answer 7

perivascular stem cell

Question 8

from what cells are brown adipose tissue derived

Answer 8

skeletal myogenic progenitor cell

Question 9

what does the term panniculus or abdominal pannus best describe

Answer 9

an apron of skin and fat that hangs down from the abdomen

Question 10

what shape or fat distribution is attributed to higher health risks

Answer 10

apple shape or abdominal fat dominance

Question 11

what is the preferential site for accumulation of adipose tissue for both sexes

Answer 11

mammary fat pad

Question 12

what are some of the broad associated risks of increased internal organ fat

Answer 12

stroke
heart disease
cancer
phlebitis
gout
osteoarthritis
gynecologic abnormalities
gallbladder disease
liver disease
lung disease

Question 13

what are adipokines

Answer 13

hormones, growth factors, or cytokines secreted by adipose cells

Question 14

what five things do adipokines help to regulate

Answer 14

energy homeostasis
adipogenesis
steroid metabolism
angiogenesis
immune reponses

Question 15

what hormone helps to inhibit food intake, stimulates metabolism, and the loss of body weight

Answer 15

leptin

Question 16

what are the five major functions of leptin

Answer 16

regulates appetite and body energy expenditure
signals to the brain about body fat storage
increases formation of new vessels
involved in blood pressure control by regulating vascular tone
potent inhibitor of bone formation

Question 17

an increase in leptin secretion resulting from obesity causes what three things to happen

Answer 17

non-adipose tissue becomes resistant to leptin
increased insulin resistance
increase in internal organ fat

Question 18

what two physiologic factors control an individual’s weight

Answer 18

short term weight regulation (appetite and metabolism controlled on a daily basis)
long term weight regulation (appetite and metabolism control on a continual basis)

Question 19

what are the two main hormones regulating adipose physiology

Answer 19

insulin and leptin

Question 20

what are three secondary hormones or steroids that contribute to adipose physiology

Answer 20

thyroid homrone
glucocorticoids
hormones of the pituitary gland

Question 21

what percentage of body fat is brown fat in a newborn

Answer 21

5%

Question 22

what 3 things regulate and may alter the volume of brown fat

Answer 22

sympathetic nervous system
cold outdoor temperatures
physical activity

Question 23

what is the name of the process of converting white fat to brown fat or transforming brown fat to white fat

Answer 23

transdifferentiation of adipose tissue

Question 24

what two myofilaments are responsible for muscle contraction

Answer 24

actin and myosin 2

Question 25

what term refers to the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells

Answer 25

sarcoplasm

Question 26

what is the smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue

Answer 26

sarcomere

Question 27

what is the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in muscle tissue

Answer 27

myoglobin

Question 28

what are the two primary classifications of muscle

Answer 28

striated and smooth muscle

Question 29

what are the three subclassifications of striated muscle

Answer 29

skeletal muscle visceral striated muscle cardiac muscle

Question 30

what are the three connective tissue layers of a muscle bundle from outer most layer surrounding the bundles of fasicles to the layer that surrounds an individual muscle fiber

Answer 30

epimysium perimysium endomysium

Question 31

what three broad characteristics are important in considering the function of skeletal muscle fibers

Answer 31

speed of contration enzymatic velocity metabolic activity

Question 32

what two components of muscle are most needed for optimal muscle performance

Answer 32

myoglobin to carry oxygen ATP for energy

Question 33

rhabdomyolysis can result in which type of damage to the kidneys

Answer 33

destruction of the renal epithelium resulting in acute renal failure as evident by dark "coca cola" urine

Question 34

what color would you expect a fast twitching muscle fiber to be

Answer 34

white

Question 35

what color would you expect a slow twitching muscle fiber to be

Answer 35

red

Question 36

what type of muscle fiber would be expected to have a high oxygen content due to high levels of myoglobin, capillaries, and mitochondria

Answer 36

type 1

Question 37

what type of muscle fiber has a fast twitch but fatigues easily

Answer 37

type 2b

Question 38

what type of muscle fiber has a fast twitch but is resistant to fatigue

Answer 38

type 2a

Question 39

what is the byproduct of anaerobic respiration as muscles are exhausted

Answer 39

lactic acid which is associated with pain in the muscle

Question 40

what are the five most prominant microscopic features of skeletal muscle

Answer 40

long, cylindrical cells multiple, peripheral nuclei striations sarcomere present no cell-to-cell junction

Question 41

what are the five most prominent microscopic features of cardiac muscle

Answer 41

short cylindrical cells single central nuclei striations intercalated discs sarcomere present

Question 42

what are the five most prominent microscopic features of smooth muscle

Answer 42

small, elongated fusiform cells in sheets single, central nuclei do not display a striated pattern gap junctions present no sarcomere

Question 43

the myoblast is derived from what cell lineage

Answer 43

multipotent myogenic stem cell

Question 44

how do cardiac cells repair themsevles

Answer 44

they do not have a reparative mechanism and result in cell death that eventually results in scar tissue

Question 45

how does skeletal muscle repair itself

Answer 45

by the activation of the myogenic stem cell called satellite cells

Question 46

what muscle type continues to divide and maintain or increase in cell number

Answer 46

smooth muscle cells