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Microscopic Anatomy > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

what are these

A

fallopian tubes
arrow pointing to ciliated simple columnar epithelium

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2
Q

What is the name for the first menstrual period of a female in puberty?

A

menarche

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3
Q

How long is the average menstrual cycle?

A

21-34 days

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4
Q

What is the average range of onset of menopause?

A

45-55 years old

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5
Q

What is the name for gametogenesis in females?

A

oogenesis

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6
Q

What is the name for the developing gamete in females?

A

oocyte

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7
Q

What is the name for the mature gamete in females?

A

ovum

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8
Q

What are the two primary hormones involved in steroidogenesis in females?

A

estrogen and progesterone

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9
Q

What 3 functions does estrogen have in the female reproductive system?

A

promotes growth of sex organs
responsible for female sex characteristics
breast development

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10
Q

What 2 functions does progesterone have in the female reproductive system?

A

secretory changes in endometrium
promotes lobular proliferation

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11
Q

What are the three attachments of the ovary?

A

posterior surface
superior surface
inferior surface

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12
Q

What would you expect the surface of the ovary to be in a female in puberty?

A

semi-smooth

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13
Q

What would you expect the surface of an ovary to be in a female in a middle-aged woman?

A

rough due to scarring

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14
Q

What are the two distinct regions of the ovary?

A

cortex and medulla

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15
Q

What part of the ovary would blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves most likely to be found?

A

medulla

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16
Q

What type of cells is typically found in the germinal epithelium of ovary?

A

simple cuboidal

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17
Q

From what component of the ovary do most malignancies arise from?

A

epithelial surface

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18
Q

What is the name for the dense connective tissue layer that lies between the germinal epithelium and the cortex of the ovary?

A

tunica albuginea

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19
Q

When does the first ovulation occur in menstruating females?

A

puberty

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20
Q

What are the three major stages of follicle development in an ovary based on morphology?

A

primordial
growing
mature/graffian

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21
Q

At what month do primordial follicles start appearing in development?

A

3rd month of fetal development

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22
Q

Where in the mature ovary are the primordial follicles found?

A

cortex

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23
Q

What body is seen in primordial follicles of the ovary that represent an accumulation of Golgi membranes, ER, centrioles, mitochondria, and lysosomes?

A

balbiani body

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24
Q

What is the name of the foam extracellular coat found between the oocyte and follicle cells that secrete proteins?

A

zona pellucida

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25
Q

What is the secondary spermatozoa-binding protein produced by the zona pellucida?

A

ZP-3

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26
Q

What is the name for follicle cells in the stratum granulosum?

A

granuloma cells

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27
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue cells or sheath that form the thecal layers of the primary follicle?

A

theca folliculi

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28
Q

What component of the thecal folliculi possess LH hormone receptors and secrete androgens that are precursors to estrogen?

A

theca interna

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29
Q

What is a morphologic feature of the secondary follicle?

A

fluid antrum

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30
Q

What 3 factors are required for an oocyte and follicular growth?

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
growth factors
calcium ions

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31
Q

What is the name for a thickened mound of granulosa cells associated with the oocyte which projects into the antrum of a mature Graafian follicle?

A

cumulus oophorus

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32
Q

What is the name for the cells of the cumulus oophorus that immediately surround the oocyte and remain during ovulation?

A

corona radiata

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33
Q

What bodies may be seen between the granulosa cells that are PAS positive and are secreted by the granulosa cells?

A

call-exner bodies

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34
Q

What 5 morphologic changes does a mature Graafian follicle undergo to prepare for ovulation?

A

decreased mitotic activity of granuloma cells
space between granulosa cells enlarge
oocyte and cumulus cells loosen
cumulus cells form layer around oocyte
theca layer becomes more prominent

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35
Q

When does the first meiotic division of the primary oocyte occur after a LH surge?

A

after 12-24 hours

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36
Q

Which 2 cells in the ovary go through a luteinization and produce progesterone?

A

granulosa and thecal cells

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37
Q

What is the name for the area of the germinal epithelium that becomes elevated and then ruptures?

A

macula pellucida

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38
Q

Where is the most common place for an ectopic pregnancy to occur?

A

fallopian tube

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39
Q

What is the purpose of polar bodies in oogenesis?

A

eliminate half of diploid chromosomes

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40
Q

How long can the 1st meiotic prophase be arrested for in oogenesis?

A

12-50 years

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41
Q

When is the 2nd oocyte arrested in oogenesis?

A

just before ovulation

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42
Q

What is the name of the process where granulosa cells and theca interna layers differentiate into granulosa luteal cells and theca luteal cells, demonstrating an increase in size and lipid droplets?

A

luteinization

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43
Q

What 3 hormones do granulosa lutein cells secrete?

A

estrogen
progesterone
inhibin

44
Q

What 2 hormones do theca lutein cells secrete?

A

androgens and progesterone

45
Q

How long does a corpus luteum remain active if no fertilization takes place?

A

14 days

46
Q

What is the term for the activation of spermatozoa within the female reproductive tract?

A

capacitation

47
Q

What area must spermatozoa penetrate to gain access to the zona pellucida?

A

corona radiata

48
Q

What reaction takes place when spermatozoa bind to the ovary receptors of the zona pellucida?

A

acrosome reaction

49
Q

What two arterial blood supplies support the ovary?

A

uterine and ovarian arteries

50
Q

What is the name of the vascular plexus of veins in the ovarian hilum?

A

pampiniform plexus

51
Q

Where are the lymphatics found in the ovary?

A

cortex

52
Q

What nerves innovate the ovary?

A

ovarian plexus

53
Q

What are the 5 major divisions of the fallopian tube?

A

fimbriae
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
intramural component

54
Q

What cells are found in the mucosal layer of the fallopian tube?

A

simple columnar

55
Q

What 2 areas of the fallopian tube are ciliated cells more prevalent?

A

infundibulum and ampulla

56
Q

What are three mechanisms that encourage movement of an oocyte during ovulation in a fallopian tube?

A

fimbriae
ciliated cells
peristaltic movement

57
Q

Where is the most common site for fertilization to occur in the fallopian tube?

A

ampulla

58
Q

What are the three primary layers of the uterus?

A

endometrium
myometrium
serosa (perimetrium)

59
Q

Describe the stratum vasculare of the myometrium:

A

circular pattern with lots of blood vessels and lymphatics

60
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle are present in the myometrium of the uterus?

A

3 layers

61
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

stratum functionale
straum basale

62
Q

What layer of the endometrium sloughs off during menstruation?

A

stratum functionale

63
Q

What are the three cyclic changes seen in the endometrium?

A

proliferative phase
secretory phase
menstrual phase

64
Q

what structure is this

A

cervix

65
Q

what is this

A

placenta

66
Q

what is this

A

vagina

67
Q

what is this

A

labia majora with sebaceous ducts

68
Q

The proliferative phase of the endometrium is regulated by what hormone?

A

estrogen

69
Q

What part of the endometrium thickens in the proliferative and secretory phase?

A

stratum functionale

70
Q

The secretory phase of the endometrium is regulated by what hormone

A

progesterone

71
Q

What cells of the zygote implant into the endometrium?

A

blastocysts

72
Q

What portion of the endometrium underlies the implantation site of the embryo?

A

decidua basalis

73
Q

What thin portion of endometrium lies between the implantation site and the uterine lumen?

A

decidua capsularis

74
Q

What is the name of the remaining endometrium of the uterus that surrounds the embryo?

A

decidua parietalis

75
Q

What 2 mucosa types are present at transition zone of the cervix?

A

stratified squamous and simple columnar

76
Q

What is the name of the mucin filled cysts often present within the cervix?

A

nabothian cysts

77
Q

What common test is used to identify metaplastic changes in this transformation zone of the cervix?

A

pap smear

78
Q

The fetal portion of the placenta is formed by what?

A

chorion

79
Q

The maternal portion of the placenta is formed by what?

A

decidua basalis

80
Q

When does the uteroplacental circulatory system begins to develop?

A

9 days after fertilization

81
Q

The placental membrane that separates the fetal and maternal vessels is composed of what 4 tissues?

A

endothelium of capillaries
mesenchyme
cytotrophoblasts
syncytiotrophoblasts

82
Q

The number of syncytial knots is often an indicator of what?

A

age of placenta

83
Q

When does blood begins to circulate through the embryonic cardiovascular system and the villi?

A

21 days

84
Q

What part of the placenta is a site for the exchange of nutrients, metabolic products and intermediates, and wastes between the maternal and fetal circulatory systems?

A

intervilious spaces

85
Q

How many arteries and how many veins should an umbilical cord have?

A

2 arteries and one vein

86
Q

Where does maternal blood enter the placenta?

A

endometrial spiral arteries

87
Q

After blood leaves the intervillous spaces of the placenta, what vessels does the blood leave through?

A

endometrial veins

88
Q

How does fetal blood enter the placenta?

A

umbilical arteries

89
Q

What vessel brings oxygenated blood back to the fetus?

A

umbilical vein

90
Q

What tissue in the placenta is responsible for hormone production?

A

syncytiotrophoblasts

91
Q

What two major hormone types are produced by the placenta?

A

steroid and peptide hormones

92
Q

What are the four major roles of the placenta?

A

maternal and fetal circulation
nourishes fetus
eliminates fetal wastes
makes hormones for pregnancy

93
Q

What are the six main hormones of pregnancy?

A

HCG
progesterone
estrogen
prolactin
relaxin
oxytocin

94
Q

What are the three layers of the vagina?

A

inner mucosa
intermediate muscle
outer adventitia

95
Q

What type of epithelium does the vagina have?

A

stratified squamous

96
Q

What 2 glands are present within the vestibule of the vulva?

A

skene’s and bartholins glands

97
Q

What part of the female external genitalia has abundant melanin pigment and sebaceous glands?

A

labia minora

98
Q

The erectile bodies of the clitoris?

A

clitoris

99
Q

What 3 nerve endings are present in the vulva?

A

meissner’s corpuscles
pacinian corpuscles
free nerve endings

100
Q

What is the name for an accessory nipple present on the milk line?

A

polythelia

101
Q

What hormone stimulates breast development of mesenchymal cells?

A

estrogen

102
Q

Mammary glands present in the breast resemble what other gland in the body?

A

tubuloalveolar apocrine sweat glands

103
Q

What ducts carry alveolar secretions into the lactiferous duct of the breast?

A

interlobular collecting ducts

104
Q

What type of cells line the terminal ducts of the breast?

A

secretory cells

105
Q

What specialized, hormonally sensitive loose connective tissue that surrounds the terminal ductules and alveoli?

A

interlobular stroma

Microscopic Anatomy (11 decks)

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