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Microscopic Anatomy > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two primary layers of skin

A

epidermis
dermis

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2
Q

what germ cell layer is the epidermis derived from

A

ectoderm

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3
Q

what germ cell layer is the dermis derived from

A

mesoderm

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4
Q

what tissue is composed of variable amounts of adipose tissue arranged into lobules separated by connective tissue septa below the dermis

A

hypodermis

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5
Q

what 5 appendages are derived from the epidermis

A

hair
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
nails
mammary glands

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6
Q

what are the 5 major functions of the integumentary system

A

barrier
immunologic
sensory
endocrine
excretion

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7
Q

what makes therapeutic substances absorbable through the skin

A

they are lipid-soluble

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8
Q

what are the two most common locations to find thick skin

A

palms and soles

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9
Q

which type of skin would be expected not to have hair, thick or thin skin

A

thick

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10
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis

A

basale
spinosum
granulosum
lucidum
corneum

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11
Q

what is the most mitotically active layer in the skin

A

basale

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12
Q

what are the shape and distribution of cells within the stratum basale

A

simple cuboidal or columnar

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13
Q

what are the 2 adhesive proteins found within the cell junctions of the stratum basale

A

desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

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14
Q

what is the type of stem cell that is present within the stratum basale that forms the epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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15
Q

in what layer of the skin does apoptosis become evident

A

granulosum

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16
Q

what cell layer is most likely to stain with a high concentration of darker basophilic cells in the epidermis

A

granulosum

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17
Q

what cell layer of the epidermis exhibits numerous cytoplasmic processes or spines which give this layer its name and is many cells thick

A

spinosum

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18
Q

what shape cell would be expected in the stratum spinosum

A

flattened

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19
Q

what type of basophilic staining granules are found within the keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum

A

keratohyalin

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20
Q

what is the most superficial layer of nonkeratinized portion of the epidermis

A

granulosum

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21
Q

what layer of the epidermis displays nucleated cells

A

corneum

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22
Q

where are the 2 most common places to have a thick stratum corneal layer

A

thick skin and sites of skin friction

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23
Q

what layer of skin is usually only associated with thick skin and considered a subdivision of the stratum corneum

A

lucidum

24
Q

what are the finger-like connective tissue protrusions that project into the undersurface of the epidermis called

A

papillae

25
Q

what are the two layers of the dermis

A

papillary and reticular

26
Q

what forms the basis of fingerprints and footprint patterns

A

dermal ridges

27
Q

what two types of collagen are most prominent in the papillary layer of the dermis

A

type 1 and type 3

28
Q

what two types of fibers are most prominent in the reticular layer of the dermis

A

type 1 collagen and elastin

29
Q

what is the name of collagen fibers that parallel underlying muscle referred to as

A

langer lines

30
Q

what are two functions of the fat layer within the hypodermis

A

energy source and insulation

31
Q

what type of skin cancer is most likely to arise from the stratum basale

A

basal cell carcinoma

32
Q

what are the four specialized cells of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhans cells
merkel’s cells

33
Q

approximately 85% of the epidermis is composed of what cell type

A

keratinocytes

34
Q

where are melanocytes found in the epidermis

A

basal cell layer and extend into the spinosum

35
Q

what specialized cell within the epidermis serves an immunologic function as part of the mononuclear phagocyte system to present antigens

A

langerhan’s cells

36
Q

what specialized cell within the epidermis functions as a sensitive mechanoreceptor cells associated with sensory nerve endings

A

merkel’s cells

37
Q

what 2 important functions do lamellar bodies have

A

form intracellular epidermal water barrier
have granules that coat membrane

38
Q

which organelle is responsible for forming lamellar bodies

A

Golgi

39
Q

what are the three stages of cell replacement in the epidermis

A

division of basal cells in the basale layer
differentiation and programmed cell death as cells move towards corneum
cell loss at skin’s surface

40
Q

what is the average cell turnover time for the stratum spinosum and granulosum

A

28-31 days

41
Q

what is the average cell turnover for the stratum corneum

A

12-14 days

42
Q

what is the average cell turnover of the entire epidermis

A

42-47 days

43
Q

what skin condition is consistent with an autoimmune etiology and hyper proliferation of the epidermis, resulting inn elevated, itchy, scales on which are most seen on the knees, elbows, lower back, and scalp

A

psoriasis

44
Q

what are the lysosome-related membrane-bound structures produced by melanocytes that are involved in melanin synthesis formed by the Golgi apparatus of these cells called

A

premelanosomes

45
Q

how does melanin enter the keratinocytes

A

phagocytosis

46
Q

what four intrinsic and extrinsic factors can affect skin pigmentation

A

age
ethnicity
gender
genetic defects

47
Q

which enzyme is absent in albinism

A

tyrosinase

48
Q

what are the two main types of albinism

A

ocular
oculocutaenous

49
Q

what are the two genes most responsible for aging

A

Bcl2
Mitf

50
Q

what condition loses melanocytes that results in discolored patches in different areas of the body

A

vitiligo

51
Q

where are Langerhans cells most often seen using IHC techniques

A

spinosum

52
Q

what is the cell of origin for Langerhans cells

A

common lymphoid progenitor (CLP)

53
Q

where are Merkle cells found

A

basale

54
Q

what function do Merkle cells have

A

release neurotransmitters

55
Q

what is a fast adapting, encapsulated nerve ending found in the skin which responds to low frequency vibrations in eyelids and fingertips

A

Meissner corpuscle

56
Q

what is a slow adapting, unencapsulated nerve ending found in the skin which responds to light touch, and is commonly seen in the superficial dermis of fingertips and lips

A

Merkel’s Disks

Microscopic Anatomy (11 decks)

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