Integumentary System

Question 1

what are the two primary layers of skin

Answer 1

epidermis
dermis

Question 2

what germ cell layer is the epidermis derived from

Answer 2

ectoderm

Question 3

what germ cell layer is the dermis derived from

Answer 3

mesoderm

Question 4

what tissue is composed of variable amounts of adipose tissue arranged into lobules separated by connective tissue septa below the dermis

Answer 4

hypodermis

Question 5

what 5 appendages are derived from the epidermis

Answer 5

hair
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
nails
mammary glands

Question 6

what are the 5 major functions of the integumentary system

Answer 6

barrier
immunologic
sensory
endocrine
excretion

Question 7

what makes therapeutic substances absorbable through the skin

Answer 7

they are lipid-soluble

Question 8

what are the two most common locations to find thick skin

Answer 8

palms and soles

Question 9

which type of skin would be expected not to have hair, thick or thin skin

Answer 9

thick

Question 10

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis

Answer 10

basale
spinosum
granulosum
lucidum
corneum

Question 11

what is the most mitotically active layer in the skin

Answer 11

basale

Question 12

what are the shape and distribution of cells within the stratum basale

Answer 12

simple cuboidal or columnar

Question 13

what are the 2 adhesive proteins found within the cell junctions of the stratum basale

Answer 13

desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

Question 14

what is the type of stem cell that is present within the stratum basale that forms the epidermis

Answer 14

keratinocytes

Question 15

in what layer of the skin does apoptosis become evident

Answer 15

granulosum

Question 16

what cell layer is most likely to stain with a high concentration of darker basophilic cells in the epidermis

Answer 16

granulosum

Question 17

what cell layer of the epidermis exhibits numerous cytoplasmic processes or spines which give this layer its name and is many cells thick

Answer 17

spinosum

Question 18

what shape cell would be expected in the stratum spinosum

Answer 18

flattened

Question 19

what type of basophilic staining granules are found within the keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum

Answer 19

keratohyalin

Question 20

what is the most superficial layer of nonkeratinized portion of the epidermis

Answer 20

granulosum

Question 21

what layer of the epidermis displays nucleated cells

Answer 21

corneum

Question 22

where are the 2 most common places to have a thick stratum corneal layer

Answer 22

thick skin and sites of skin friction

Question 23

what layer of skin is usually only associated with thick skin and considered a subdivision of the stratum corneum

Answer 23

lucidum

Question 24

what are the finger-like connective tissue protrusions that project into the undersurface of the epidermis called

Answer 24

papillae

Question 25

what are the two layers of the dermis

Answer 25

papillary and reticular

Question 26

what forms the basis of fingerprints and footprint patterns

Answer 26

dermal ridges

Question 27

what two types of collagen are most prominent in the papillary layer of the dermis

Answer 27

type 1 and type 3

Question 28

what two types of fibers are most prominent in the reticular layer of the dermis

Answer 28

type 1 collagen and elastin

Question 29

what is the name of collagen fibers that parallel underlying muscle referred to as

Answer 29

langer lines

Question 30

what are two functions of the fat layer within the hypodermis

Answer 30

energy source and insulation

Question 31

what type of skin cancer is most likely to arise from the stratum basale

Answer 31

basal cell carcinoma

Question 32

what are the four specialized cells of the epidermis

Answer 32

keratinocytes melanocytes langerhans cells merkel's cells

Question 33

approximately 85% of the epidermis is composed of what cell type

Answer 33

keratinocytes

Question 34

where are melanocytes found in the epidermis

Answer 34

basal cell layer and extend into the spinosum

Question 35

what specialized cell within the epidermis serves an immunologic function as part of the mononuclear phagocyte system to present antigens

Answer 35

langerhan's cells

Question 36

what specialized cell within the epidermis functions as a sensitive mechanoreceptor cells associated with sensory nerve endings

Answer 36

merkel's cells

Question 37

what 2 important functions do lamellar bodies have

Answer 37

form intracellular epidermal water barrier have granules that coat membrane

Question 38

which organelle is responsible for forming lamellar bodies

Answer 38

Golgi

Question 39

what are the three stages of cell replacement in the epidermis

Answer 39

division of basal cells in the basale layer differentiation and programmed cell death as cells move towards corneum cell loss at skin's surface

Question 40

what is the average cell turnover time for the stratum spinosum and granulosum

Answer 40

28-31 days

Question 41

what is the average cell turnover for the stratum corneum

Answer 41

12-14 days

Question 42

what is the average cell turnover of the entire epidermis

Answer 42

42-47 days

Question 43

what skin condition is consistent with an autoimmune etiology and hyper proliferation of the epidermis, resulting inn elevated, itchy, scales on which are most seen on the knees, elbows, lower back, and scalp

Answer 43

psoriasis

Question 44

what are the lysosome-related membrane-bound structures produced by melanocytes that are involved in melanin synthesis formed by the Golgi apparatus of these cells called

Answer 44

premelanosomes

Question 45

how does melanin enter the keratinocytes

Answer 45

phagocytosis

Question 46

what four intrinsic and extrinsic factors can affect skin pigmentation

Answer 46

age ethnicity gender genetic defects

Question 47

which enzyme is absent in albinism

Answer 47

tyrosinase

Question 48

what are the two main types of albinism

Answer 48

ocular oculocutaenous

Question 49

what are the two genes most responsible for aging

Answer 49

Bcl2 Mitf

Question 50

what condition loses melanocytes that results in discolored patches in different areas of the body

Answer 50

vitiligo

Question 51

where are Langerhans cells most often seen using IHC techniques

Answer 51

spinosum

Question 52

what is the cell of origin for Langerhans cells

Answer 52

common lymphoid progenitor (CLP)

Question 53

where are Merkle cells found

Answer 53

basale

Question 54

what function do Merkle cells have

Answer 54

release neurotransmitters

Question 55

what is a fast adapting, encapsulated nerve ending found in the skin which responds to low frequency vibrations in eyelids and fingertips

Answer 55

Meissner corpuscle

Question 56

what is a slow adapting, unencapsulated nerve ending found in the skin which responds to light touch, and is commonly seen in the superficial dermis of fingertips and lips

Answer 56

Merkel's Disks