Lymphatic System

Question 1

the majority of cells in the lymphatic system are derived from what cell

Answer 1

hemopoietic stem cell

Question 2

what are the two fundamental immune cell lineages derived from the stem cell

Answer 2

common myeloid proenitor and common lymphoid progenitor

Question 3

what are the three primary lymphatic organs

Answer 3

thymus
bone marrow
fetal liver

Question 4

what are the five secondary lymphatic organs

Answer 4

spleen
lymph nodes
appendix
lymphatic nodules
diffuse lymphatic tissues

Question 5

what are the two primary functions of an incompetent effector T cell or B cell in the early stages of immune cell differentiation

Answer 5

recognize self-antigens from not self-self antigens
recognize only foreign antigens

Question 6

what four subtances are considered antigens

Answer 6

soluble substances
infectious organisms
foreign tissues
transformed tissues

Question 7

what are two reasons why an antigen may not be recognized by the immune system

Answer 7

too small or not yet processed

Question 8

what are four non-specific immunity protective factors in the body

Answer 8

physical barriers
chemical defenses
secretory substances
cells of the innate immune system

Question 9

how does the body produce a specific adaptive immunity response in the body if the non-specific protective factors fail

Answer 9

encoded membrane-bound forms of immunoglobin on B lymphocytes

Question 10

what are the 2 ways acquired resistance is established through random somatic rearrangements of genes

Answer 10

encoded membrane-bound forms of immunoglobin on B lymphocytes
specific receptors on T lymphocytes

Question 11

what are the two main types of immunity that are part of the adaptive immunity response

Answer 11

humoral and cell mediated adaptive immunity

Question 12

what is the primary cell in humoral immunity

Answer 12

B-cells

Question 13

what is the primary cell in cell mediated immunity

Answer 13

T-cells

Question 14

what are the three main types of lymphocytes in the immune system

Answer 14

T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
natural killer cells

Question 15

where does antigen-independent cell differentiation occur in the immune system

Answer 15

thymus and bone marrow

Question 16

where does antigen-dependent activation occur in the immune system

Answer 16

secondary lymph organs and tissues

Question 17

what are the five main actions of T helper cells

Answer 17

form a clone of T helper memory cells
make primary interferons and other cytokines
activate B cells to secrete antibodies
activate macrophages to destroy ingested microbes
help activate cytotoxic T-cells to kill infected targets

Question 18

what is the main action of natural killer cells

Answer 18

target and kill aberrant cells

Question 18

what is the main action of T cytotoxic killer cells

Answer 18

kill target cells bearing specific antigen while sparing neighboring uninfected cells

Question 19

what T cell can function to suppress an immune respone to foreign and self-antigens by influencing the activity of other cells in the immune system

Answer 19

supressor T lymphocytes

Question 20

what two products do natural killer cells secrete

Answer 20

perforins and granzymes

Question 21

what does an APC (antibody presenter cell) do in an immune response

Answer 21

work with CD4 T helper cells

Question 22

what are the two major classes of histocompatibility molecules

Answer 22

MHC 1 and MHC 2

Question 23

what is the main function of MHC molecules

Answer 23

to display the antigen to the T helper cell and T cytotoxic cell

Question 24

what percentage of lymphocytes are short lived, often immature cells that do not circulate between the blood system and the lymphatic tissue

Answer 24

30%

Question 25

what antibody is found in saliva, and other secretory fluids such as tears and breast milk, as well as mucosal surfaces

Answer 25

IgA

Question 26

what two antibodies play a role in the primary immune response

Answer 26

IgD and IgM

Question 27

what antibody plays a role in the secondary immune response

Answer 27

IgG

Question 28

how long can it take to have an initial humeral response to an antigen

Answer 28

14 days

Question 29

how does the production of antibodies help in the immune response

Answer 29

neutralize and mark antigens for destruction

Question 30

what antibody is the first significant antibody to appear in a primary immune response

Answer 30

IgM

Question 31

what lymphatic duct is responsible for the most lymphatic drainage

Answer 31

thoracic duct

Question 32

lymph exits a lymph node through what lymphatic channel

Answer 32

efferent vessel

Question 33

lymph enters a lymph node through what lymphatic channel

Answer 33

afferent vessel

Question 34

where does the right lymphatic duct empty

Answer 34

junction at right internal jugular and right subclavian veins

Question 35

where does the left lymphatic duct empty

Answer 35

junction of left internal jugular and left subclvian veins

Question 36

what is the most inferior portion of the thoracic duct

Answer 36

cisterna chyli

Question 37

what are three MALT regions in the body

Answer 37

GI tract respiratory passages genitourinary tract

Question 38

where is there an accumulation of lymphoid tissue in the oral pharynx

Answer 38

tonsil

Question 39

what specialized lymphoid tissue is evident in the ileum

Answer 39

peyer's patches

Question 40

where would you expect to find germinal centers in the appendix

Answer 40

submucosa

Question 41

what are three common regions to find lymphoid tissue nodules and name their associated acronyms

Answer 41

GALT - gut BALT - bronchus MALT - mucosa

Question 42

what are three unique morphologic features of lymph nodes

Answer 42

afferent lymphatic vessel capsule efferent lymphatic vessel

Question 43

when does the thymus go through the most prominent involution state, being replaced by adipose tissue

Answer 43

65 years of age

Question 44

under what clinical circumstance could a thymus be restimulated to produce mature T cells

Answer 44

bone marrow transplant

Question 45

what part of the thymus would Hassel corpuscles be found

Answer 45

medulla

Question 46

what part of the thymus protects developing lymphocytes from antigens

Answer 46

parenchyma

Question 47

what part of the spleen would T cells and B cells be identified

Answer 47

white pulp

Question 48

the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) of the white pulp surrounds what structure

Answer 48

mass of lymphocytes around a central artery

Question 49

what organ is responsible for red blood cell production in a fetus

Answer 49

spleen

Question 50

what is unique about the migration of T cells and B cells in the spleen

Answer 50

T + B cells released enter spleen through open circulation entry of lymphocytes is unregulated

Question 51

what are the immune system functions of the spleen

Answer 51

antigen presentation by APC's antigen activation and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes production of antibodies against antigen present in circulating blood

Question 52

what are the hemopoietic functions of the spleen

Answer 52

removal and destruction of abdnomal red blood cells and platelets retrieval of iron formation of red blood cells in early fetal life