Aggression Flashcards
1
Q
Aggression
What are the two types
A
Proactive
Reactive
2
Q
Aggression
What is pro active aggression
A
Cols blooded planned method of getting what you want
3
Q
Aggression
What is reactive aggression
A
Hot blooded angry and impulsive accompanied by physiological arousal
4
Q
Aggression
What type are psychologists most interested in and why
A
Reactive as probable responsible for a greater proportion os social problems
5
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
What does the evolutionary explanation suggest aggression is an important funtion for
A
Both individual and reproductive success
6
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
What 4 ways is aggression used in
A
Gaining resources from others
Gain status or dominance
Deter infidelity/ sexual jealousy
Bullying
7
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
How an aggression help to get resources
A
Can fight for resources if in short supply
8
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
Example for resources
A
Food territory mates
9
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
How does gaining resources help to improve change of passing down genes
A
May appear more attractive to females as they would appear strong
10
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
Why is gaining resources attractive to females
A
Would be able to protect and provide for offspring as consider he needs of their children
11
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
What is a potential; mate judged by
A
How well he could provide for any offspring -access to plenty of resources
12
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
What other attribute is imprpotnant for mating
A
Sensitive as a man who expresses aggression to a woman may equally be less likely to attract a mate
13
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
What does aggression have to do with gaining status
A
Shows their dominance
14
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
Why do men want to show dominance
A
Show status to other men
Chance to display attributes and essentially show off to females
15
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
How does showing status helps to continue genes
A
Victor is more likely to gain a mate to reproduce with and likely to father more offspng and have a greater chance of furthering their genetic influence on subsequent generations
16
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
Why do men show sexual jealousy
A
Male violence against partner is. Motivated by jealousy to ensure own paternity or genetic success
17
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
What does an individual fear
A
Loosing a mate to another Individual as potential threat to relationship
18
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
Why do men Show deterring infidelity
A
Poses a threat to a relationship and the possibility o offspring to another union
19
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
Why is paternity uncertainly a threat
A
Raising offspring that is not his own is a water of resources and contribute to the saurvival of a rivals genes and leaves the father with fewer resources to invest in his own future offspring
20
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
Who is sexual; jealousy more strongly experienced in
A
Males then females
21
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
What are mate retention strategies
A
Often aggressive strategies men employ to retain their partners and prevent then staring that were adaptive in our evolutionary history
22
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
What are the two mate retention strategies
A
Direct guarding
Negative inducements
23
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
What is direct guarding
A
Involves male vigilance over a partner’s behaviour eg checking who they’ve seen and tracking apps
24
Q
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
What is negative inducements
A
Such as issuing threats of dire consequences for infidelity
25
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
Why does bullying occur
Because o power imbalance and a more powerful individual uses aggression deliberately ad repeatedly against a weaker person
26
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
How does this explain;nation suggest bullying
As an adaptive strategies as their chances of survival would be increased their own health promoted and opportunities for reproduction created
Argues that the characteristic associate wih bullying behaviour are attractive to the opposite sex
27
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
What characteristic may these be in males
Dominance
Acquisition of resources
Strength
Warding off potential rivals
28
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
What is the consequence of this
Such behaviour would be naturally selected as these males would have greater reproductive
29
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
Where does female bullying more often take place
Within a relationship as a method of controlling a p[artner
30
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression
Why may females bully within a relationship
Use bullying behaviour to secure their partners fidelity and therefore such behaviour would be naturally selected as it enhances reproductive success
31
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
1 strength
Research support for aggression and sexual; jealousy
32
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
What is the research support
Shackelford et al
33
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
What did shackelford et al stduy
Intimate partner violence
34
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
What was the procedure for shackelford et al
Men and women in 107 married couples completed different questionnaires men- mate retention inventory women -spouse influence report
35
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
What did shackelford ET al find
Strong positive correlation between men’s reports of their mate retention behaviour and women’s reports on their partner’s physical violence
Men who used guarding or negative inducements wee more likely to use physical violence against their partners
36
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
Why is this a strength
Supports the predictions derived from the evolutionary explanation concerning the adaptive value of aggression
37
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
3 limitations
Difficult to test
Cultural differences can’t be explained
Social sensitivity
38
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
What is true for this type of theory
Difficult to test
39
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
What does the resrch use
Forced option format and hypothetical scenarios
40
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
What is the problem with this
Loses potential intricacies and complexities of the behaviours so conclusions therefore lack detaile and a full pricturew of the reasons behind the aggression
41
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
What is another problem with research
May lack validity as large amount of research is correlational eg finding associations between mate retention behaviours and aggression
42
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
Why is this a limitation
Doesn’t allow for cause and effect
43
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
What are there cultural differences in
Homicide rates of husbands who kill their wives
44
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
Why can’t this be explained
Is act was to gain an evolutionary advantage these rates would be consistent globally and as they’re not it can be argued that that there are other factors involves
45
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
Why is this a limitation
Aggression between partners is much more complex than the theory suggests
46
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
What does this evolutionary. Explantion seem to suggest
That iota excusable beyond a persons control
47
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
What does this have implications in
The legal system and society generally
48
Evolutionary explanation of human aggression AO3
What does this mean
The research is socially sensitive and it should therefore be considered with care
49
The ethological explanation of aggression
What is ethology
Study of animal behaviour is their natural setting
50
The ethological explanation of aggression
How did Lorenz define aggression
Fighting instinct inn beats and man which is directed against members of the same species
51
The ethological explanation of aggression
What are the assumptions of the ethnological approach
Aggression is an instint and occurs within all members of species without learning
Innate and mostly genetically determined
52
The ethological explanation of aggression
Why does thus approach argue you can extrapolate from animals to humans a
All subject to same forces of natural selection
53
The ethological explanation of aggression
What does Lorenz believe is a key feature for aggression
It is adaptive
54
The ethological explanation of aggression
How si aggression beneficial to survival
A defeated animal is forced to establish territory elsewhere and members of a species have yo spread out and discover resources in a different place therefore reducing competition and the possibility of starvation
55
The ethological explanation of aggression
What is the other adaptive funtion of aggression
To establish dominance and social status in hierarchies so have power to get your own way and access resources
56
The ethological explanation of aggression
What are the two key terms
Innate releasing mechanisms
Fixed action patterns
57
The ethological explanation of aggression
What did Lorenz suggest
Animals have an innate mechanism for aggression and aggressive behaviour acted as a release
58
The ethological explanation of aggression
What is an innate releasing mechanism
Built in hard wired physiological processes or structure such as network of neurons which responds to specific stimuli by intimating a fixed action pattern
59
The ethological explanation of aggression
What’s is an example innate releasing mechanism in relation to aggression
Male ctickle back showing aggressive behaviour to red bellied stickler back (male rivals )
60
The ethological explanation of aggression
How do males tickle bacls show IRMs
Highly territorial during matin season and develop a red spot on their underbelly so if another male enters their territory a series of highly stereotyped aggressive behaviour is initiated (FAP)
61
The ethological explanation of aggression
What are fixed action patterns
Innate adaptive sequence of stereotyped preprogrammed behaviour
62
The ethological explanation of aggression
What does fixed action patterns being universal mean
All members of the species show the same pattern of behaviour
63
The ethological explanation of aggression
What does FAPs being ballistic mean
Cannot be stopped once initiated
64
The ethological explanation of aggression
When do FAPs occur
When IRMs respond to specific environmental stimuli
65
The ethological explanation of aggression
In humans with regards to aggression what has to be true for it to be a FAP
Must increase fitness
66
The ethological explanation of aggression
What did Lorenz believe most aggression is
Ritualised
67
The ethological explanation of aggression
Why is aggression ritualised
A behaviour wont be passed on through genes if it gets an animal killed before it produces offspring as if animals were routinely killed during everyday struggles species may become extinct
68
The ethological explanation of aggression
What does Lorenz claim for sport
Example of harmless ritualise aggression release in humans
69
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
1 strength
Supporting evidence of IRPs and FAPs
70
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
What is the research evidence
Tinberg
71
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
What did tinberg present
Stickle backs with a series of wooden models of different shapes
72
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
What did Tinberg find
Regardless of shape if model had a red spot the stickle back would aggressively display and even attacks it
If no red spot no aggression
Faps were unchanged from one encounter to another
Once triggered the fap ran its course to completion without further stimulus
73
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
Why is this a strength
Supports idea that aggression is innate and species have in built mechanism which release a sequence of behaviour in response to stimuli
74
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
3 weaknessses
Research lacks validity
Generalising from animals
Universaliotu
75
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
Why is this theory said to lack validity
Behaviour is defined as aggressive buy it’s outcome such as injuring another creature however is could be argued that this is purely predatory and the aggressive intent is not present
76
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
What else could aggression be
Survival behaviour to get food
77
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
Why odes this lack validity
As animals cannot communicate how they feel it is often not possible to gauge whether the exact was aggressive in animals
78
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3what may be problematic
Generalising from animal research to Hyman aggression
79
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
What is very different between humans and animals
The environments which ther develop in eg offices schools and homes
80
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
Why does Salome species have innate releasing mechanisms and fixed action patterns
Useful in situations which cannot be said for all humans
81
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
What is a key point of thus theory
Behaviour is universal to the species
82
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
What is clear for humans
Behaviour is not universal even within the same situation some will react aggressively others wont
83
The ethological explanation of aggression AO3
Why is this a limitation
Makes presence of an innate mechanism and fixed action pattern unlikely
84
Frustration aggression explanation
What is frustration
Feeling experienced when trying to achieve something but there are barriers (real or imaginary) preventing you
85
Frustration aggression explanation
What dies this hyptothesis suggest
Frustration always leads to aggression and aggression is always the result of frustration
86
Frustration aggression explanation
What is it based on
Psychodynamic concept of catharsis as views aggression as a psychological drive
87
Frustration aggression explanation
Why do we show aggressive behaviours
If attempt to achieve a goal is block3d by some external factor we experience frustration which creates an aggressive drive which leads to aggressive behaviours such as verbal outbursts or physical violence
88
Frustration aggression explanation
Why is this cathartic
Aggression is satisfied which reduces the drive and makes further aggression less likely
89
Frustration aggression explanation
What two factors affect the likelihood of aggression occurring
Proximity to goal
If aggression will remove the barrier causing frustration
90
Frustration aggression explanation
How diodes proximity affect likelihood of aggression
If individual Iowa very close to achieving their goal then likelihood increases as more imminent and attainable
91
Frustration aggression explanation
Hw does idea of barrier being removed affect likelihood of aggression
If afforestation will halve no effect on removing the barrier willl be less likely to occur
92
Frustration aggression explanation
What are the three reasons that aggression may be displaced
Cause of frustration may be abstract eg economy
Cause may be too powerful and we risk punishment by aggressing against it
Cause may be unavailable at the time
93
Frustration aggression explanation]what did berkowitz argue
Frustration merely creates a readiness for aggression And presence of aggressive cues in the environment makes acting upon this more likely
94
Frustration aggression explanation
1 strength
Real life application
95
Frustration aggression explanation
What has berkowitz arguement been used in
Argument that presence of aggressive environmental cues stimulates aggressive behaviour has featured in the gun control debate in the USA
96
Frustration aggression explanation
What do some states allow
Open carry where gun doesnt have to be concealed
97
Frustration aggression explanation
What is the concern for this
Concern prombeted by many research studies that open presence of a weapon can act as a cue to aggression making its use more likely
98
Frustration aggression explanation
What is an important evaluation
Negative affect theory
99
Frustration aggression explanation
What is clear from research
Frustration doesnt always lead to aggression and aggression can occur without frustration
100
Frustration aggression explanation
Who reformulated the hypothesis
Berkowitz
101
Frustration aggression explanation
How did berkowitz reformulate the hypothesis
Argued that frustration was just one of many aversive stimuli that create negative feelings others including pain jealousy and loneliness
Aggressive behaviour is triggered by negative feelings generally rather than frustration specifically
Furthermore outcome can be a re age of responses only one of which is aggression (despair anxiety or determination)
102
Frustration aggression explanation
Why did berkowitz theory arise
Because original frustration aggression hypothesis was inadequate and could only expolain aggression in certain situations
103
Frustration aggression explanation
2 limitations
Aggression is not always prompted by frustration
Not everyone who experiences frustration reacts with aggression
104
Frustration aggression explanation
Example where aggression not prompted by frustration
Someone may find themselves in a threatening situation and may choose fight rather than flight
105
Frustration aggression explanation
What is this aggression seen as instead
Self preservation rather than frustration
106
Frustration aggression explanation
Another example
Premeditated and planned aggressive cats of psychopaths and killers are not usually underpinned by frustration either
107
Frustration aggression explanation
What does this suggest
There are other elements to aggressive behaviour ands theory is therefore incomplete
108
Frustration aggression explanation
How else may someone react to frustration
Possible someone may cry or withdraw rather than become aggressive
109
Frustration aggression explanation
Why may they do this
May nit feel anger and so react in different way reflecting their emotional state
110
Frustration aggression explanation
Why is this a limitation
Theory cannot account for these different responses and is arguable too simplistic
111
Deindividuation explanation
What does thus explanation argue
That by immersing our personal identity in a group we are all capable of behaving in aggressive and even violent ways
112
Deindividuation explanation
What is Deindividuation
Psychological state in which individuals loses their personal identity and take on identity of the social group
113
Deindividuation explanation
What is the result of deindividuation
Frees the individual from constraints of social norms and no longer feel autonomous as an individual so adopt morals of the group
114
Deindividuation explanation
Why is our behaviour normally constrained by social norms
As easily identified
115
Deindividuation explanation
What is the social norms around aggression
Normallly discouraged
116
Deindividuation explanation
What happens when we become a part of a crowd
Lose restraint and have freedom to behave in ways wouldn’t other wise contemplate
Lose our sense of individual self identity and responsibility for behaviour
117
Deindividuation explanation
Why is less personal guilt at harmful aggression experienced in crowds
Responsiblity becomes shared throughout crowd
118
Deindividuation explanation
What is individuated behaviour like
Generally rational and normative as conforms to social norms
119
Deindividuation explanation
What is deindividated behaviour like
Behaviours are emotional impulsive and irrational
Anti normative and disinhibited
Lose self aware ness
Stop monitoring and regulating own behaviour ignore social norms
Fail to form longer term plans
120
Deindividuation explanation
What are conditions of deindivduation which promote aggression
Anonymity
Darkness
Drugs
Alcohol
Uniforms
Masks
Disguises
121
Deindividuation explanation
How does anonymity shape crowd behaviour
Less fear and retribution because we are all a small unidentifiable part of a faceless crowd the bigger the crowd the more anonymous we are and crucially the anonymity provides fewer opportunities for others to judge us negatively
122
Deindividuation explanation
What did prentice Dunn and rogers argue
It’s not anonymity directly that creates likelihood of aggression but consequences of anonymity
123
Deindividuation explanation
What are the two types of self awareness
Private and public
124
Deindividuation explanation
What is private self awareness
Concerns how we pay attention to our own feeling and behaviour
125
Deindividuation explanation
What happens to private self awareness in a crowd and why
Reduced as our attention becomes focused outwardly to events so are less self critical thoughtful or evaluative
126
Deindividuation explanation
What is public self awareness
Refers to how much we care about what other people think of our behaviour
127
Deindividuation explanation
What happens to public self awareness in crowds
Reduced as realise we are anonymous so behaviour less likely to be judged by other and become less accountable for our aggressive and destructive actions
128
Deindividuation explanation AO3
2 strengths
Research support
Real life application
129
Deindividuation explanation AO3
What is the research support
Dodd
130
Deindividuation explanation AO3
What did Dodd do
Psychology teacher developed class room excersize to illustrate deindividuation
Asked 229 undergrad students what they would do with complete assurance you would not be detected or held responsible
131
Deindividuation explanation AO3
What did Dodd find
36% of responses involved some form of antisocial behaviour
26% were actual criminal acts most common rob a bank
Few opted for murder rape or assassination of a political figure
Only 9% were proscial behaviour such as helping people
132
Deindividuation explanation AO3
Why is this a strength
I’m terms of how many people imagine they would behave this study demonstrates a link between anonymity and aggressive behaviour
133
Deindividuation explanation AO3
What iOS the real life application
As deindividuaion occurs in darkness a practical application of research is to ensure areas are well lit or CCTV
134
Deindividuation explanation AO3
Why is this a real life application
Measures that the sense of personal responsibility is not lost and that the likelihood of antisocial behaviour occurring is lowered
CCTV has similar affect as people are often aware they can be seen and identified
Makes them more accountable for their behaviour
135
Deindividuation explanation AO3
2 weaknesses
Limited explanation
Other explantions
136
Deindividuation explanation AO3
Why is it limited
Can only explain aggression that relates to specific contexts where deindivudation occurs
But aggression does occur outside these contexts
137
Deindividuation explanation AO3
What can’t it explaine
Every occurrence of aggression eg domestic violence
138
Deindividuation explanation AO3
Why is this a limitation
Theory can be seen to have a narrow application
139
Deindividuation explanation AO3
What other explantions are there
Frustration aggression
Ethological
140
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming
What may these three findings account for
Research findings on media and aggression
141
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming
What is desensitisation
Repeated exposure to violence reduces normal levels of physiological and psychological arousal associated with anxiety, making it more likely to happen
142
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming
What is disinhibition
Normal social constraints against certain behaviours can be weakened by environmental triggers these behaviours then appear temporarily socially acceptable and therefore more likely
143
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming
What is cognitive priming
Violet images provide us with ready made scripts about aggression which are stored in memory and triggered when we perceive aggressive cues in a situation
144
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming
How does desensitisation come about
More someone is exposed to media that provoked fear the less they are affected by the media and their emotional response is reduced through exposure
145
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming
What do we normally experience when we witness violent actions
Physiological arousal associated with sympathetic nervous system such as increased heart rate higher blood pressure increased perspiration
146
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming
How is desensitisation psychological
Repeated exposure to violent media promotes a believe that using aggression as a method of resolving conflict is socially acceptable and negative attitudes towards violence weaknes less empathy is felt for victims and their injuries are minimised or dismissed
147
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming
What is the social norm for aggression
View held that is is antisocial and harmful
Consequently there are powerfully social and psychological inhibitions against using aggression to resolve conflicts which are learned directly and indirectly theough social learning theory
148
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming
What does the disinhibition explantion argue
Usual restraints are loosened after exposure to violent media and aggressive behaviour is often made to appear normative in such media
Creates new social norms for viewer and aggressive behaviour could be displayed which are m,ore intense than normal
149
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming
What is a script
Gained from repeated viewing of aggressive media that provide us with a script of how situations may play out which is stored in memory so can become read or primed to be aggressive
150
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming
What does exposure to cues in a similar context trigger
Memory and script leading to reproduction of the aggressive or antisocial behaviour
151
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming
How is the process mostly automatic
Can direct behaviour without us even being aware of it
152
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
1 strength
Practical application of cognitive priming
153
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
What is benefits of understanding how cognitive priming influences aggression in real life sit
Potentially life saving
154
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
What does violence often rely on
Participants interpretation of environmental cues and this depend of their cognitive scripts
155
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
What kind of person would have aggressive scripts more readily stored
Someone who habitually watches violent media so are more likely to store cues as aggressive resort to a violent solution and fail to consider alternatives
156
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
What may be able to potentially reduce aggressive behaviour
Effective interventions which challenge hostile cognitive biases habitual violent media users could be encouraged to consider alternatives to aggression such as negotiation
157
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
Strength for desensitisation
Research support
158
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
What is the research support for desensitisation
Weisz and earl 🌽
159
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
Outline Weisz and earls
Conducted a laboratory study which highlighted these desensitisation effects
Showed participants the feature film ‘Straw Dogs’ which contains a prolonged and graphic scene of rape
Participants then watched a re-enactment of a rape trial
Compared with those who watched a non-sexually violent film, male viewers of Straw Dogs showed greater acceptance of rape myths and sexual aggression
They also expressed less sympathy towards the rape victim in the trial
They were also less likely to find the defendant guilty
There was no such effect of film type on female participants
160
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
3 weaknesses
Not everyone is equallly effected by desensitisation
Disinhibition may only apply to certain media
Cause and effect
161
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
What connection is hard to establish
Between media exposure and desensitisation
162
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
What is true for universality
Media exposure is widespread yet we are not all affected equally
163
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
What is true for individual vulnerability in therms of level of emotion experienced
May explain why some are more desensitised than others
164
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
What is there bias towards in this research
Bias in research towards disinhibition in playing computer games
165
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
What does this suggest for disinhibition
May apply only to certain forms of media and that the strongest effects are found in computer gaming
166
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
What is hard to establish cause and effect in
Cognitive priming
167
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
What is true in general
The more violence someone is exposed to in the media the more likely they are to be aggressive
168
Media influence on aggression: desensitisation, disinhibition and cognitive priming AO3
What is the weakness with this
This is correlational and can only establish that the two factprs are related
It is possible that aggressive and violent people choose to watch more violent programmes not that the violent programmes cause the violent behaviour
169
Media influence: effects of computer games
What is media
Communication channels such as TV film and books through which news entertainment eduction and data are made available
170
Media influence: effects of computer games
What methodologies are used to study this
Experimental
Correlational
Longitudinal
Meta analysis
171
Media influence: effects of computer games experimental studies
What study uses experimental
Bartholow and Anderson
172
Media influence: effects of computer games experimental studies
What did bartholow and Anderson do
Lab based study where students played either a violent computer game or a non violent computer game for ten mins
Then carried out the Taylor competitive reaction time task(standard laboratory measure of aggression
Students required to give blasts of white noise at chosen volumes to punish an opponents
173
Media influence: effects of computer games experimental studies
What is bartholow and Anderson find
Those who played the violent game selected significantly higher noise levels compared with the nonviolent players
174
Media influence: effects of computer games experimental studies
What is the biggest strength
Allow us to establish,ish a causal link between media aggression nd aggressive behaviour
175
Media influence: effects of computer games experimental studies
What is the weakness
Measures aggression in lab situations are ten accused of being artificial and unrealistic
176
Media influence: effects of computer games experimental studies
How has aggression ben measured
Taylor competitive reaction time task
177
Media influence: effects of computer games experimental studies
What would be unethical
Allowing realistic forms of aggression in an experiment eg letting people hit each other so researchers have more choice but to be creative in finding ways to measure aggression
178
Media influence: effects of computer games experimental studies
Why else may aggression measured in a lab unrealistic
Don’t involve fear of retaliation as experimenter gives implied permission to be safely aggressive unlike real world
179
Media influence: effects of computer games correlational studies
What is the correlational study
Delisi et al
180
Media influence: effects of computer games correlational studies
What did delisi et al do
Studied 227 juvenile offenders all with histories of serous aggressive behaviour eg hitting a teacher or parent
Using structured interviews gathered data on several measures of aggression and violent computer games playing
181
Media influence: effects of computer games correlational studies
What did delisi et al find
Offenders aggressive behaviour was significantly correlated with how often they played violent computer games and how much they enjoyed them
Researchers argued link was so well established aggression should be considered a public health issue
182
Media influence: effects of computer games correlational studies
What do correlational studies allow us to do
Investigate realistic forms of aggression including violent crime
183
Media influence: effects of computer games correlational studies
Limitation for correlational studies
Inability to draw cause and effect conclusions as no variables are manipulated or controlled
No random allocation of participants to violent or non violent media conditions
184
Media influence: effects of computer games longitudinal studies
What is the study
Robertson et al
185
Media influence: effects of computer games longitudinal studies
What did Robertson et al do
Wanted to see if there was a link between what they called excessive television viewing in childhood and aggressive behaviour in adulthood
Studied 1037 people born in New Zealand
Measured to viewing hours at regular intervals
186
Media influence: effects of computer games longitudinal studies
What did Robertson ET al find
Time spent watching TV was a reliable predictor of aggressive behaviour in adulthood measured in terms of convictions
Those who watched the most to more likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder
Appears that the most important media related factors may be amount of to rather than if content violent
187
Media influence: effects of computer games longitudinal studies
What does this method allow
Researchers to investigate changed in aggressive behaviour aver time
Dynamic nature of media influences in the long term can therefore be studied and approach views people as more active consumers rather than passive participants which is much more realistic
188
Media influence: effects of computer games longitudinal studies
What is the limitation for longitudinal studies
Studying over time leaves longitudinal studies vulnerable to effects of confounding variables and other sources of aggression interact with media influences over period of time eg role models in form of family
189
Media influence: effects of computer games longitudinal studies
Why is this a limitation
Becomes difficult to separate them all and asses their contributions to aggressive behaviour
190
Media influence: effects of computer games meta analysis
What is this study
Anderson et al
191
Media influence: effects of computer games meta analysis
What did Anderson et al do
Performed meta analysis of 136 studies which includes all three type of previous methodology
192
Media influence: effects of computer games meta analysis
What did Anderson et al find
Exposure to violence to computer games was associated with increases in aggressive behaviour thoughts and feelings
True for males and females across collectivist and individualistic cultures
Analysis showed no indication of publication bias influencing the results
193
Media influence: effects of computer games meta analysis
What does this method allow us to do
View data with much more confidence and results can be generalised across much larger populations
194
Media influence: effects of computer games meta analysis
What is the limitation
Well known tendency in scientific research towatrds publishing only finding that are statistically significant
195
Media influence: effects of computer games meta analysis
Why is this a limitation
Meta anylsis only generally include published studies which could bias the conclusions of the meta analysis and affect validity
196
Social learning theory
What are the two ways we can learn
Directly and indirectly
197
Social learning theory
How is behaviour learnt directly
Operant conditioning
198
Social learning theory
How can aggression be positively reinforced
A child who aggressively snatches a toy from someone is more likely to repeat this in the future because it has brought a positive consequence
199
Social learning theory
How can aggression be negatively reinforced
Child is more likely to start a fight with someone to avoid being called a wimp by his friend
200
Social learning theory
How is punishment related to aggression
Aggression less likely to be repeated if a negative consequence has followed
201
Social learning theory
How can aggression be learned indirectly
Indirect mechanisms (observational learning ) accounts for social learning of most aggressive behaviours
202
Social learning theory
Who is observed to acquire aggressive behaviours
Aggressive role models
203
Social learning theory
Who may these role models be
Sibling parents peers and characters in the media
204
Social learning theory
What does the child observe
How an aggressive behaviour is performed but may not necessarily imitate it
Observe consequences aswqell
205
Social learning theory
What does child learn is models aggressive behaviour is awarded
Child learns that aggression can be effective in getting what they want
206
Social learning theory
What is this know as
Vicarious reinforcement
207
Social learning theory
What is vicarious punishment
If models use of aggression to achieve a goal is punished an observing child is less likely to imitate the specific behaviour
208
Social learning theory
What is the mediational process
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation
209
Social learning theory
Attention role in mediation al process
Basic cognitive requirement is that the observer must pay attention to the models aggressive actions and the behaviour should catch attention of the observer
210
Social learning theory
Retentionrole in mediation Ka process
Observer needs to be able to remember the models aggressive actions to form a mental representation of how the behaviour is performed aggressive behaviour more likely to be remembered due to the emotion they evoke
211
Social learning theory
Reproduction role in mediational process i
Individual must be able to transform the mental representation of the aggressive behaviour into actual physical action this involves the individual mentally assessing their ability to do this and think about if can reproduce behaviour
212
Social learning theory
Motivation role in mediational process
Individual needs a reason to imitate the behaviour which will depend on his or her expectations that behaving aggressively in a specific situation will be rewarding this is the will to carry out the behaviour based on the weighing up of potential consequences
213
Social learning theory
What is self efficacy
Extent to which we believe out actions Will achieve a specific desired goal
214
Social learning theory
When does a child’s confidence in their ability to be aggressive grow
As learn that aggression can bring rewards
215
Social learning theory AO3
2 strengths
Research support real life applications
216
Social learning theory AO3
What is the research support
Bandura
217
Social learning theory AO3
What did bandura do
Famous bobo doll study illustrated features of slt
218
Social learning theory AO3
What did bandura find
Larger amount of aggression (verbal and physical) in aggressive condition
219
Social learning theory AO3
What did bandura conclude
Children could learn aggression from observing role models
220
Social learning theory AO3
What did bandura` conclude in second study
Aggressive behaviour is less likely to be imitated if a punishment is likely
221
Social learning theory AO3
What dies this suggest
Media portrayal of aggressive behaviour can be powerful infleunces on a child’s acquisition of aggression ands this is particularly true of a character if awardsed for being aggressive and child is able to identify with them eg same sex or appealing traits
222
Social learning theory AO3
What occurs from this
Vicarious reinforcement experienced by children observing violent media characters
223
Social learning theory AO3
What is the practical application
Minimising amount of exposure children have to aggression in media such as film and video game certificates and 9 o’clock watershed
224
Social learning theory AO3
Why is this a strength
May hello to lower aggression
225
Social learning theory AO3
2 weaknesses
Underestimated influence of biological factors
Cultural differences where ggrwssion isn’t reinforced
226
Social learning theory AO3
Wgat did bandura make little reference to
Importance of biological factors on social, learning
227
Social learning theory AO3
What was found in bobo experiment
Boys were more aggressive than girls
228
Social learning theory AO3
Can slt explain this
Not alone as would assume that both males and females would identify with role model and observe and imitate in same way
229
Social learning theory AO3
What doesnt slt acknowledge
Powerful genetic evolutionary neural and hormonal influences on aggression which slt barely acknowledges and fails to explain
230
Social learning theory AO3
Why is this a limitation
Therefore an incomplete exp;nation of behaviour which is a weakness of this approach
231
Social learning theory AO3
What do different cultures have
Different norms about which behaviours should be reinforced
232
Social learning theory AO3
Social learning theory AO3
What is true for some cultures
Social norms don’t discourage aggression
233
Social learning theory AO3
What isn’t done
Direct reinforcement of children’s aggression is unlikely and parents tend not to use aggression to discipline children
234
Social learning theory AO3
What does this mean
Models of aggression are unavailable for children to observe
Vicarious reinforcement a rare experience
Nevertheless aggressive behaviour is still displayed by some
235
Neural mechanisms in aggression
What two parts does this involve
Lambic system and serotonin.
236
Neural mechanisms in aggression
Where is the limbic system
Buried deep inside the brain
237
Neural mechanisms in aggression
What is the limbic system involved in
Processing emotional responses
238
Neural mechanisms in aggression
What structures are involved in the limbic system
Cingulate gyrus hypothalamus thalamus and amygdala
239
Neural mechanisms in aggression
Which is the most important structure implicated in aggression
Amygdala
240
Neural mechanisms in aggression
What does the amygdala have a key role in
How an organism assesses and responds to environmental threats and challenges and predictors in aggressive behaviour
241
Neural mechanisms in aggression
What other structure in the brain is important adn why
Orbitofrontal cortex is thought to be involved in self control impulse regulation and inhibitions of aggressive behaviour
242
Neural mechanisms in aggression
What neurotransmitters is implictaed in aggression
Serotonin
243
Neural mechanisms in aggression
What does serotonin do
Neurotransmitter which has widespread inhibitory effects as slows down and dampens neuronal activity and is thought to inhibit aggressive behaviour
244
Neural mechanisms in aggression
In what area of the brain is levels of serotonin important in
Orbitofrontal cortex
245
Neural mechanisms in aggression
What levels of serotonin lead to increas in aggression
Decreased serotonin may reduce self control and increase aggression levels
246
Neural mechanisms in aggression
What s the neural explantion link to drugs
Some Drugs are thought to be linked with lowering levels of serotonin in some of the population giving effect of depressing mood and increasing aggression led to some drugs been withdrawn
247
Neural mechanisms in aggression
How is this researched
Most early work done with animals but last 2p0 years extended research to humans
248
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
2 strengths
Evidence to support role of amygdala
Cherek et al
249
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
What evidences role of amygdala
Amygdalotomy
250
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
What is an amygdalotomy
Procedure which involves disconnecting the amygdala from the rest of the brain
251
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
What have studies shown following an amygdalotomy
Many patents experience a loss of emotion and become less aggressive
252
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
Why is this a strength
Strongly suggests a link between amygdala and aggression
253
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
What did cherek et al do
Found when men tale drugs that increase their serotonin levels they display low levels of aggression
254
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
Why is this a strength
Suggest that there may be a casual link between serotonin levels and aggressive behaviour
255
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
2 limitations
Research is correlational
Deterministic
256
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
What is correlational
Research linking brain abnormalities to violence
257
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
What doesnt support this ex[;antion
People who have limbic system abnormalities who I don’t demonstrate violent behaviour
258
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
Why is this a limitation
Causality cannot be determined
259
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
What is deterministic
Using biochemistry to explain aggression
260
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
What is out of an individuals control
Control of biochemistry
261
Neural mechanisms in aggression AO3
Why is this a limitation
If aggression is explained in this way it is also saying the individual has little control over how they act
This has implications for the legal system and punishing violent crime
262
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression
What hormone is mainly implicated
Testosterone
263
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression
What observation led to this
High proportion of people arrested for violence against another person in uk are men
264
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression
Wgat is testosterone
Hormone fro. Androgen group responsible for the development of masculine features
265
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression
What is the link between testosterone and aggressioopn
Increased levels of testosterone related to increases levels of aggression and aggressive responses
266
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression
What three ways is this link explained in
Enzyme aromatase
Activity in the orbitofrontal cortex
Activity of serotonin
267
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression
What are enzymes
Act as biological catalysts and speed up reactions
268
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression
What is aromatase
Important enzyme in processing testosterone in the brain and is found in the limbic region eg amygdala
269
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression
How is aromastase linked to aggression
Reduced levels of aromatase in those areas eg amygdala means the testosterone in the brain will not have enough enzyme for it to active so testosterone has less effect and reduces likelihood of aggression
270
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression
Hw is the orbitofrontal cortex linked to aggression and testosterone
If individual has high levels of testosterone activity in orbitofrontal cortex reduced so less self control; and more aggression
271
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression
What is the orbitofrontal cortex involved in
Self control impulse regulation and inhibitions of aggression
272
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression
How is serotonin linked to aggression and testosterone
Testosterone can reduce activity of serotonin in brain. And low levels of serotonin are implicates in aggressive behaviour
273
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression AO3
What is the strength
Research support
274
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression AO3
What did dabs et al do
Measured testosterone levels i n the saliva of 89 male prison inmantes
275
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression AO3
What did dabs ET al find
Those with a higher testosterone concentration more likely to have been convicted with violent crimes
Almost all of those with the lowest levels had been convicted of non violent crimes
Generalising from criminals to the general population may be problematic however as they are acetaminophen type of person
276
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression AO3
3 weaknesses
Problems with self report measures in human research
Problems with correlational research
Deterministic
277
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression AO3
How is aggression often measured
Through questionnaires or responses to hypothetical scenarios
278
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression AO3
Why is this limited
Predictive validity is poor
Someone may report high levels of aggression in a fake scenario on paper but if it actually occurred in real life they may be ore passive
279
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression AO3what is the problems with correlational research
No firm conclusions can be made about cause and effect
280
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression AO3
Why is this a limitations
Testosterone levels may be a response to aggression rather than a cause of it
Caution should be taken when describing role testosterone plays in aggression
281
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression AO3
What is deterministic
Using hormones to exp.aomn aggression
282
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression AO3
Why is this pessimistic
Limited amount of control the individual has iover their hormones
283
Hormonal mechanisms in aggression AO3
What is the imp,citations
In legal system and punishing crimes
284
Genetic factors in aggression
What do genes consist of
DNA strands
285
Genetic factors in aggression
What does DNA do
Produces instructions for general physical features
Instructions for specific physical features such as neurotransmitter levels and size of brain structures
286
Genetic factors in aggression
Why may certain individuals or families display higher levels of aggression
Predisposition to biochemical differences
287
Genetic factors in aggression
What ways can our genetic make up. Potentially affects pout levels of aggression
Levels of testosterone
Speed with which testosterone is metabolised
Physiology of brain
Strength/weakness of the pathways between the limbic system and rhe frontal cortex
288
Genetic factors in aggression
How can genetic infueluce be investigated
Twin and adoption studies
Family studies
Animal studies
289
Genetic factors in aggression
Why would animas be used
Manipulate situation in some ways by studying animals bred for research
Use animal isolation studies as they effectively remove the influence of social behaviour and imitation
290
Genetic factors in aggression
What does the MAOA enzyme do
Involved in processing neurotransmitters including serotonin in the brain
291
Genetic factors in aggression
What is the MAOA gene and how does it link to aggression
Warrior gene
Controls production of MAOA enzyme
Therefore some can result in lower levels fo MAOA and lower levels of serotonin activity linking yo lower aggression
292
Genetic factors in aggression
What are GxE interactions
Gene-environment interactions
(Diathesis stress)
293
Genetic factors in aggression
How do GxE interact
Individuals have a genetic predisposition to being aggressive but this predisposition can be mediated by the environment
294
Genetic factors in aggression
When is MAOA gene sensitive
Social experiences early in development and therefore ufunctional outcome depends on environment
295
Genetic factors in aggression what is. The summary
Genes can determine all the other biological factors mentioned (levels of testosterone, brain structures etc
MAOA gene (‘Warrior gene’) controls production of MAOA enzyme (which controls production of Serotonin)
Some versions of the gene result in lower levels of MAOA enzyme (therefore less serotonin is processed)
Aggression therefore increased
Likely that people have genetic predisposition which is then activated by environmental stressors
296
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
Strength
Reseacrh evidence
297
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
What is the research support
Brunner et al
298
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
What did brunner et al do
Studied 5male members of. Family in Netherlands that demonstrated impulsive aggression
299
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
Wjhat did brunner et al find
Through monitoring urinesample found they had a MAOA deficiency and possessed a shortened version of the MAOA gene
300
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
What does this show
MAOA gene can affect families that have the gene present and the fact that there was such a high relevance of aggressive behaviour
301
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
What dies this have implications for
Legal system and how culpable someone si of any crime they commit
302
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
What is a limitation for this study
Case only involved 5 males from the same family in the Netherlands
303
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
3 limitations
Multiple genetic influences
Measuring aggression
Deterministic
304
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
What is true for the size of genetic effects
Statistically significant but also small
305
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
What does this mean
There are probably other genes involved in aggression and just for other genes is currently a very active research area
306
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
How many genes interact to determine complex behaviour
Hundreds or thousands of genes
307
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
Why is this a limitation
Casts doubt over any search for single candidate genes
308
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
Why is this a limitation
Casts doubt over any search for single candidate genes
309
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
How is aggression measured
Differed significantly between studies
Include self report parent and teacher reports and direct observations
310
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
Why is this a limitation
If research findings vary depending upon how aggression is measured it becomes very difficult to draw valid conclusion about the role of genetic factors
311
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
Wat is deterministic and why
Using genetics to explain aggression as individuals cannot control their genes
312
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
Why is this a limitation
If aggression is explained in this way it is also saying the individual has no control over How they act
313
Genetic factors in aggression AO3
What does this have implications for
Legal system and punishing violent crimes
314
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What is institutional aggression
Aggressive or violent behaviour that takes place within the social context of a prison or other formal organised setting
315
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What are the levels of aggression like in prisons
High levels of major and ,minor incident
316
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What two major theoretical stances have arisen to account for institutional aggression
Dispositional explanation
Situational explantion.
317
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What does the dispositional exp.lantion use to exp;ain aggression
Importation model
318
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What does the importation model suggest
Prisoners import their aggressive tendencies into prison with then and this is why violence levels are high
319
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
Where may imported aggressive characteristic come from
Sources such as genetics testosterone and serotonin levels and learned history from back ground
Dependence or addiction to substances
320
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What do prisoner bring into prisons
Subculture typical of criminality from real world including beliefs values Norms and attitudes
321
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
Why do they resort to violence so quickly
Willingness of inmates to use violence reflects their lives before they were imprisoned
322
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
Why do inmates import such behaviour
As a means of negotiating their way through the unfamiliar and frightening prison environment in which existing inmates use aggression to establish power status influence and access to resources
323
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What is the situation explantion
Prison context used as a potential source of aggression
324
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
Whatfactors may implicated in prison to be regarded as s potential source of aggression
Organisation physical
Staff chavracteristic
325
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What are organisational factors
Influence of rules and regulations that prisoners that must adhere to and these can prompt aggression as expectation is that all prisons must follow them
326
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What arephysical factors
Potentially cramped conditions threatening environment and lack of comfort
327
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What are staff characteristics
Attitudes and behaviour of staff can be influential in prompting aggression in inmantes
328
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What is used in situational explantion
Deprivation model
329
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What is the derivation model
Places the causes of institutional aggression within the prison environment itself
330
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What are prisoner deprived of
Liberty
Autonomy
Goods and services
Relationships
Security
331
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What is deprivation of liberty
Loss of freedom no longer allowed to go where please and may reinforce feeling of rejection from society so likely to be more antagonistic and aggressive so influences by nature of prison regime
332
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What is deprivation of autonomy
No independence for prisoners or control over day to day
Feeling of helpless ness lead to frustration an aggression
Withdrawal of privileges from. Time to time
Leads to feelings of anger and powerlessness
Violence is a adaptive solution to the problem of deprivation
333
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What is deprivation of goods and services
Access to good severely restricted within prisons such as access to moblile phones this can cause anger and resentment leading to violence
Also increases competition between inmates to acquire them and this creates aggression
334
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What is deprivation of relationships
Heterosexual prisoner has np access to companionship in a prison which can led to frustration and consequently aggression
335
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons
What is deprivation of security
Prison environment doesn’t feel secure for most prisoners and fear personal safety leading to heightened awareness and defensiveness which could make overreaction to incident more likely
336
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
2 strengths
Dispositional explanation is idiographic
Maslow hierachy of needs
337
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
What does idiographic was
Looks at prisoner more to the individual levels rather than saying they’re all the same
338
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
How is the dispositional exp;lantion idiographic
Theory is essentially arguing that the effects of experiences and predisposition are individual and therefore can explain well why some offenders are violent and others arent
339
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
What idea does Maslow hierachy of needs support
Idea that situational effects in a prison could lead to aggression
340
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
What can’t be met on Maslow hierachy of needs
First step of physiological needs cannot be met all the time due to the enforced regime of sleeping adn eating
Safety also not possible due to lack of perceived safety writhing prison
341
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
What does this mean
Drive to self actualisation is prevented at the basic needs and can therefore lead to negative behaviour
342
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
1 limitations
Alternative explanation to disposition
343
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
What research
Dilulio
344
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
What does diluio claim
Claims importation model is inadequate explantion of aggression as it ignored the role of prison officials and factors related to running of prisons
345
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
What does diluio propose and what is it
Administrative control model which states that poorly managed prisons ar more likely to experience the most serious forms of inmate violence such as homicide and rioting
346
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
What is poor management characterised by
Weak and indecisive leadership culture of informal and unofficial rule staff who remain distant from inmates and few opportunities for eductions
347
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
What is suggested
Factors are more influential in determining aggression that inmate characteristics
348
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
Evaluation point
Interactionist model
349
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
What does the interactionist model accept
Both importation and derivation model are supported and challenged by research evidence so perhaps both models are valid
350
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
What do either models explain better
Importation model may be better explantion for violence between inmates but the deprivations model is more useful in understanng aggresssion against prison staff
351
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
What also supports this
Inmates entering prison for first time will suffer deprivation but this doesn’t necessarily lead to violence unless it combines with the individual characteristics
352
Institutional aggression in the context of prisons AO3
What also supports this
