Issues And Debates Flashcards

Question

Free will and determinism AO3 How is it good for science

Answer 1

Notion that human behaviour is orderly and obeys laws places psychology on equal footing with other more established sciences

Answer 2

Development of treatments therapies and behavioural interventions that have benefited many eg to control and manage schizophrenia

Answer 3

Experience of mental disorders like schizophrenia where sufferers experience a total loss of control over their thoughts

Answer 4

In terms on mental illness behaviour would appear to be determined by

Answer 5

Decision making Evidence Against free will

Answer 6

Chun Siong soon et al

Answer 7

That brain activity that determines the outcome of simple choices, may predate our knowledge of having made such a choice

Answer 8

Activity related to whether to press a button with left or right hand occurs in brain up to ten second as before participants report being consciously aware of making a decision

Answer 9

Even our most basic experiences of free will are decided and determined by our brain before we become aware of them

Answer 10

Hard determinist stance not consistent with how legal system operates Research support

Answer 11

Offenders held morally accountable for actions

Answer 12

Individual choice is not the cause of behaviour

Answer 13

Based on idea that causes of behaviour will always exist even though may not have been found wrong so impossible to prove wrong

Answer 14

Determinist approach to human behaviour may not be seen as scientific as it first appears

Answer 15

Everyday experiences gives the impression that we are constantly excercising free will through the choices we make on any given day Gives face value,iditly to compete of free will

Answer 16

People who have internal locus of control believing that they have a high degree of influence over events and their own behaviour tend got be more mentally healthy

Answer 17

Robert et al

Answer 18

That adolescents with a strong belief in hard determinism, who thought their lives were decided by events outside of their control were significantly at a greater risk to develop depression

Answer 19

That even f we don’t have free will the fact that we think we do may have a positive impact of mind and behaviour

Answer 20

Soft determinism

Answer 21

May provide us with best compromise in free will determinism debate

Answer 22

Attempts to describe nature of individual

Answer 23

As unique identities each with subjective experiences motivations and values

Answer 24

Qualitative

Answer 25

Case studies unstructured interviews and pother self report methods

Answer 26

Very small, 1 or two people

Answer 27

Describe richness of human experience and gain insight into persons unique was of viewing world

Answer 28

Humanism Psychodynamic

Answer 29

Roger and Maslow only interested in documenting conscious experience of individual and rather than scientifically more interested with investigating unique experiences

Answer 30

Use of case study method when detailing lives of his patients however Freud assumed he had identified universal laws of behaviour

Answer 31

Produce general laws of human behaviours and provide benchmark against which people can be compared classified and measured

Answer 32

Future behaviour can be predicted controlled or treated

Answer 33

Quantitative

Answer 34

Large numbers of people in order to establish way in which people are similar or differ

Answer 35

Scientific methods eg experiment or controlled observation

Answer 36

Reductionist determinist and employ scientific method as of investigation

Answer 37

Hypothesis formulated tested under controlled conditions and finding generated from large numbers of people or animals and tested for statistical significance

Answer 38

Behavioursim cognitive Biological

Answer 39

Skinner and behaviourists studied responses of hundreds of rates cats and pigeons etc in order to develop laws of learning

Answer 40

Able to infer the structure and processes of human memory be measure in the performeance of large sample of people in lab tests

Answer 41

Conducted brain scans on countless human brains to make generalisations about localisation of funtion

Answer 42

In-depth rich detail data Loses whole person

Answer 43

Through qualitative methods provides complete global account of individual

Answer 44

By shedding further Light on general laws or indeed by challenging such laws

Answer 45

Hypothesis for further study

Answer 46

Findings may reveal important insights about normal functioning which may contribute to overall understanding of

Answer 47

Preoccupation on general laws prediction and control

Answer 48

Knowing 1% lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia tells us little about what life is like for someone who is suffering from the disorder

Answer 49

Participants treated as a series of scores or results rather than individual so subjective experience of situation is ignored Eg tests of memory

Answer 50

In search for generalities may sometimes overlook richness of human experience

Answer 51

Nomethic More scientific Idiographic rearch more narrow and restricted

Answer 52

Mirrors those employed under natural sciences testing under standardised conditions using data sets that provide group averages statistical analyssis prediction and control

Answer 53

Establish norms of typical behaviour arguably giving discipline of psychology greater scientific credibility

Answer 54

Narrow and restricted nature of their work

Answer 55

That many of his key concepts such as Oedipus comple were largely developed from detailed study of a single case eg little hans

Answer 56

Meaningful generalisations cannot be made without further examples as no adequate baseline to compare bejabvioru

Answer 57

Conclusions rely not subjective interpretation of researcher leading to bias

Answer 58

Rather then seeing them as mutually exclusive alternatives is possible to consider same issue or topic from both perspectives depending on nature of research

Answer 59

Attempts to establish general patterns of behaviour sitting along side case studied of atypical development

Answer 60

Advocates to look at whole person rather than one specific part to explain behaviour

Answer 61

Any attempts to break up behaviour and experience is inappropriate as these can only be understood by analysing person or behaviour as a whole

Answer 62

Don’t deny influence of genetics or biochemistry but feeel human behaviour is far more complex so is necessary to take a step back from the detail and consider the person from a less reductionist level

Answer 63

Humanistic psychologists who saw successful therapy as bringing all aspects fo the whol reason

Answer 64

Higher levels such as social groups and cognition as social context is important in terms of influence

Answer 65

Belief that human behaviour s best explained by breaking it down into smaller constituent parts

Answer 66

When a single explantion or cause is suggested

Answer 67

Biological Environmental

Answer 68

Attempts to explain behaviour using biological systems eg genetics physiology of body or brain or biochemistry

Answer 69

In terms of levels of explaintion it is as reductionism as psychology goes

Answer 70

Higher levels of explanation such as leaned associations and influence of other pope

Answer 71

Simplifies behaviour to stimulus response action ‘leaned associations’

Answer 72

Behaviourist theorists

Answer 73

Classical Conditioning

Answer 74

Suggests there are different ways of viewing the same behaviour some more reductionist then others

Answer 75

More reductionist and fundamental

Answer 76

More holistic multivariable

Answer 77

Biochemistry Cellular biology

Answer 78

Cognitions and emotions Leaned associations

Answer 79

Social cognition Social groups,family etc

Answer 80

Amount of research evidence to support suggestion

Answer 81

No one explanation in isolation can be taken as correct and therefore several explanations at several levels would be more appropriate

Answer 82

Often forms basis of scientific research

Answer 83

In order to create operationalised variables its necessary to break target behaviours down into constituent part to make it possible to conduct experiments or record observations in a wat which is meaningful and reliable

Answer 84

How complex learning can be broken down to simple stimulus response links within the lab

Answer 85

Given psychology greater credibility placing it n equal rearms with the natural sciences lower down in the reductionist hierarchy

Answer 86

More precise and simple explantion and more scientific them the higher ,ore general levels of explantion and can be tested easier to generate appropriate treatment

Answer 87

Tend to not lend to rigorous scientific testing and can become vague and speculative as they become more complex

Answer 88

Takes a holistic approach to behaviour and tends to be critics for its lack of scientific evidence and is instead seen by many as a rather loose set of concepts

Answer 89

Practical dilemma if accept there are many factors that contribute to eg depression become difficult to establish which is more influential and which is best yo use eg for therapies

Answer 90

When it comes to finding solutions for real world problems lower levels of explantions may be more appropriate

Answer 91

Most logical explantion for some behaviour

Answer 92

Some aspects of social behaviours that only emerge within a group context and cannot be understood at level of the individual group members

Answer 93

Effect of conformity to social roles and deindivuation of prisoners and guards in the Stanford prison experiment could not be understood by studying the participants as individuals as was interaction between peoples and behaviour of group which was important

Answer 94

Holism provide a more complete and global understanding of behaviour than reductionist

Answer 95

Accused of oversimplifying complex phenomena leading to loss of validity

Answer 96

Biological reductionism.

Answer 97

Being too simplistic and therefore incomplete

Answer 98

Don’t include an analysis of the social context within which the behaviour occurs and its where the behaviour in question may derive its meaning

Answer 99

Physiological processes involved in pointing a finger will not tell us why finger is pointed

Answer 100

Reductionist explantions can only ever for a part of an explantion

Answer 101

Believes that several levels of explantions are m necessary to explain behaviour ranging from more reductionist to holistic

Answer 102

All explanations have relevance and ultimately it’s difficult to establish the explantion with the most explantory power and varies from situation to situation

Answer 103

Diathesis stress model

Answer 104

Explains onset of mental disorders eg schizophrenia and such disorders have a predisposition but are trigged by a stressor

Answer 105

More multidisciplinary and holistic approach to treatment eg combing drugs with family therapy and is associated with lower relapse rates

Answer 106

Concerned with extent to which aspects of behaviours are a product of inherited or enquired characteristics

Answer 107

Human characteristics and even some aspects of knowledge are innate and result of heredity

Answer 108

Genetic transmission of mental and physical characteristic from one generation to another

Answer 109

Used to assess heredity and is a numerical figure ranging from 0 to 1.0which indicated the extent which a characteristic has a genetic basis

Answer 110

0.5 suggesting both genetic and environment are important factors in intelligence

Answer 111

Empiricists

Answer 112

Mind is a blank slate at birth upon which learning and experience writes and important of environment

Answer 113

Behaviourist

Answer 114

Any influence on human behaviour that is non genetic

Answer 115

Range from quite narrow pre natal influences through to post natal experiences such as social conditions and historical influences at a societal levels

Answer 116

Biological

Answer 117

Impossible as environmental influences in a child’s life begin as soon as born and perhaps earlier

Answer 118

So closely intertwines

Answer 119

Very difficult to tell whether high concordance rates are more resolution of shared genetics or shared upbringing

Answer 120

Very difficult to tell whether high concordance rates are more resolution of shared genetics or shared upbringing

Answer 121

Psychologists now likely to ask what the relative contribution of each influence is in an interactionist approach

Answer 122

Nature creates nurture Hereditary and environment interact

Answer 123

Diathesis stress model Genetic disorder PKU

Answer 124

In psychopathology is the biological vulnerability such as being born with a gene that predisposes you to develop disorder but disorder will only develop is environmental stressors to trigger it

Answer 125

Finnish adoption study

Answer 126

Compared 155 adopted children whose biological mothers had schizophrenia with a matched group of children with no family history of schizophrenia and assessed quality of parenting though self report methods

Answer 127

That the group with schizophrenic mothers had a 10% rate of schizophrenia compared to matched group and when family environment rated as healthy occurrence was well below general population rates however environment was not sole cause as low risk children from disturbed families didn’t develop schizophrenia

Answer 128

Schizophrenia best explained by looking at an interaction between genetic inheritance and environmental triggers in this case family and environment

Answer 129

Nature (predisposition) nurture (environmental stressor )

Answer 130

Inheritance of two recessive genes one from each parent

Answer 131

Break down amino acid phenylalanine which builds up in blood and brain causing mental retardation

Answer 132

Placed on low protein diet for first 12 years which helps to advert potentially life long disorder

Answer 133

Genetic disorder PKU (nature) not expressed because of an altered environment (nurture )

Answer 134

Discussion points rather than evaluation

Answer 135

Difficulties for reasarch Implications Shared and unshared environments Constructivism

Answer 136

Influences of nature and nurture as fraught with difficulties

Answer 137

Due to assumption that only difference between mz and dz twins is there genetics

Answer 138

Parenting styles in that mz twins are treated more similarly than dz twins so the difference in concordance rates could be due to nurture rather then nature

Answer 139

Could e due to many things such as sample size methodology and ages indeed may be due to fact some people;e more susceptible to environmental influences then others

Answer 140

Consensus hard to reach

Answer 141

Anatomy is destiny in that our inherited genetic make up determines out characteristics and behaviour whilst environment has little impact

Answer 142

Led to controversy such as that attempted to link race genetics and intelligence

Answer 143

That any behaviour can be changed by altering environmental conditions

Answer 144

Behaviour shaping led to practical application in therapy Desirable behaviours reinforced and undesirable behaviours punished or ignored in extreme terms may lead to one advocate a model of society that controls and manipulates its citizens using these techniques

Answer 145

Even sibling raised writhing same family may not have experiences exactly same upbringing

Answer 146

Individual differences mean that sibling may experience life events differently eg age would mean life event such as divorces may have different meaning to each sibling

Answer 147

Finding that even mz twins reared together don’t show perfect concordance rates which support the view that heredity and the environment cannot be meaningfully separated

Answer 148

People create own nurture by actively selecting environments that are appropriate for their nature

Answer 149

Eg naturally aggressive child likely to feel more comfortable around children who show similar behaviour and will chose environment accordingly

Answer 150

Both impossible and illogical to try to separate nature and nurtures influence on child’s behaviour

Answer 151

Both impossible and illogical to try to separate nature and nurtures influence on child’s behaviour

Answer 152

When considering human behaviour bias is tendency to treat one individual or group in a different way from others

Answer 153

Argument that psychologists might make to have discovered facts about human behaviour that are objective and value free

Answer 154

Psychology’s claim to universality

Answer 155

Any underlying characteristics of human beings that is capable of being applied to all despite differences of experience upbringing time or culture

Answer 156

Psychological research or theory may offer a view that doesn’t justifiably represent the experience and behaviour in men and women usually women

Answer 157

Psychological research that exaggerates or overestimates differences between men and women

Answer 158

Real ad enduring Fixed and inevitable

Answer 159

Occasionally heightens value of women but most likely to devalue females in relation to male counterparts

Answer 160

Sociobiological theory of relationship formation

Answer 161

Human sexual attraction and behaviour through the princes of survival efficiency and in males interest to try to impregnate as many women as possible for best chance of genes being passed on For female best chance of preserving genes by ensuing healthy survival of few offspring

Answer 162

That sexual promiscuity in males is genetically determined whilst females who engage in same behaviour are regarded as against their nature

Answer 163

Exaggeration of difference between sexes

Answer 164

Research that ignored or minimises differences between men and women

Answer 165

When female participants aren’t included as part of research process and then assumed research findings a are applied equally to both sexes

Answer 166

Fight or flight response

Answer 167

Early research into it was based exclusively on meal animals (preferred as female hormones fluctuate)and was assumed to be universal response to a threatening situation

Answer 168

Androcentrism

Answer 169

Male centred

Answer 170

Any behaviour that deviates from this standard is likely to be abnormal inferior or deficient by comparison

Answer 171

At best female behaviour being misunderstood and worst taken as a sign of psychological instability or disorder

Answer 172

Many feminist commentators have objected to the diagnostic category ‘PMS’ on the grounds that it stereotypes and trivialises female experience and that pms is a social construction which medicalises female emotions by explaining these in hormonal terms

Answer 173

Reflexivity Feminist psychology

Answer 174

Effect their own values and assumptions have on nature of their work

Answer 175

Instead of being seen as a problem that may threaten the objective status of their work, they embrace it as a crucial and critical aspect of the research process in general

Answer 176

Such reflexivity us an important development in psychology and may leas to greater awareness of the role of personal biases in shaping research in the future

Answer 177

Put forward number of criteria that should be adhered to in order to avoid gender bias in research

Answer 178

Within meaningful real life contexts and genuinely participate in research rather than be objects of study Diversity within groups of women should be examined rather then compared to men

Answer 179

Greater emphasis placed on collaborative research methods that collect qualitative data as opposed to quantitative

Answer 180

Implications of gender bias Sexism within research process

Answer 181

Misleading assumptions about female behaviour and fail to challenge negative stereotypes and validate discriminatory practices

Answer 182

A scientific justification to deny women opportunities within the workplace or wider society In a woman where men are the standard of normalcy become normal for women to feel abnormal

Answer 183

Gender bias in research is not just about the methodological problem but may have damaging consequences which affect the lives and prospects of real women

Answer 184

Gender bias in research is not just about the methodological problem but may have damaging consequences which affect the lives and prospects of real women

Answer 185

Statistic that females are around twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression then men

Answer 186

Lack of women appointed at senior research level

Answer 187

More likely to have their work published and studies which find evidence of differences are more likely to appear in journal articles

Answer 188

Female participants placed in an inequitable relationship with usually male researcher who has power to label them unreasonably irrational and unable to complete complex tasks

Answer 189

May therefore be guilty of supporting a form of institutional sexism that creates bias in theory and research

Answer 190

Tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through the lens of ones own culture

Answer 191

Judging other cultures by standards and values of ones own culture

Answer 192

Belief in superiority of ones own culture which may lead to prejustice and discrimination towards others cultures

Answer 193

Ainsworths strange situation as only reflect norms and values of American culture

Answer 194

Ideal attachment was characterised by the infant showing moderate amounts of distress when left alone by mother figure

Answer 195

Misinterpretation of child rearing practices in other countries which seem to deviate from the American norm German mothers were seen as cold and rejecting rather than encouraging independence in their children

Answer 196

Was revealed as inappropriate measurement of attachment style for non US children.

Answer 197

Idea that norms and values as well as ethics and moral standards can only be meaningful and understood within specific social and cultural contexts

Answer 198

Where behaviour within a single culture is studied such as ainsworhts strange situation and then assumed this could be applied universally

Answer 199

That psychologists should be more mindful and that the things they discover may only make sense from perspective of culture within which they were discovered

Answer 200

Use sample with all different people Only generalise to types of people within sample

Answer 201

Individualism and collectivism Cultural relativism vs universality Challenging implicit assumption s Operationalisation of variable

Answer 202

Have done so within the context of the individualistic collectivist distinction

Answer 203

Western cultures such as US who are though to value personal freedom and independence

Answer 204

Eg India and chine are said to place emphasis on interdependence and needs of group

Answer 205

in this age of global communication and interconnected ness such distinction between cultures no longer applies

Answer 206

that 14 out of 15 studies that compared usa and Japan found no evidence of distinction between individualism and collectivism

Answer 207

perhaps that culture bias in research is less of an issue than it once was

Answer 208

balance between being mindful of imposed etc whilst it shouldn't be assumed that all psychology is culturally relative and that there s no such thing as universal behaviour

Answer 209

basic facial expressions for emotions such as happiness or disgust are the same all over the human and animal world

Answer 210

fact that some features of human attachment eg imitation and international synchrony are universal

Answer 211

a full understanding of human behaviour requires the study of both universals and variation among individuals and groups

Answer 212

may challenge typically western way of thinking and viewing the world

Answer 213

greater sensitivity to individual differences and cultural relativism in the future

Answer 214

not only counters charge of scientific racism that has been made against some psychological theories in past but also means that the conclusions psychologists draw are likely to have more validity is they include recognition of the role of the culture in bringing them about

Answer 215

variables under review may not be experiences in the same way by all participants

Answer 216

behavioural expression of emotions such as aggression may give rise to quite different behaviours within indigenous population than the would in the west

Answer 217

invasion of personal space in china seem as normal however maybe be seen as confrontational of threatening in west

Answer 218

issues like these may affect interactions between the researcher and participants or between western and non western participants in cross cultural studies

Answer 219

to protect those involved in research

Answer 220

social impact of psychological research once it has been conducted

Answer 221

how research findings are represented or misinterpreted in the media impact of work on public policy how it influences our perception of particular groups in society

Answer 222

any psychological research that has wider ethical implications that impacts outside of the research context and might affect people or groups in society

Answer 223

participants in research, families and fierce could be affected as a consequences eg participants discovering they have brain of psychopath may be judged researcher meaning there is an effect on institution that they work for groups eg subcultures and subgroups such as the with certain religous or political beliefs, ethnic minorities with a particular sexual preference

Answer 224

different for research and be subject to gr4ater social sensitivity then others

Answer 225

no because of undoubted importance go such research psychologists have. social responsibilty to carry it out

Answer 226

implications uses/public policy validity of research

Answer 227

wider effects of such research should be carefully considered as some studies may be seen as giving scientific credence to prejudice and discrimination eg studies of intelligence on racial basis may be difficult to predict at onset

Answer 228

lesss opportunities for certain people or groups eg employers have preconceived bias discrimination or prejudice self confidence and views

Answer 229

what the research is going gotbbe used for and could it be used for the wrong purpose idea that findings may be adopted by government for political ends or to share public policy

Answer 230

some findings that were presented as objective and value free in art have actually tuned out to be suspectful and fraudulent however many modern social construct researchers who may tackle socially sensitive topics are much more upfront about own biases and preconception upon publications

Answer 231

attachment and maternal deprivation, argued that mother love in infancy is as important for mental health as vitamins are for physical health influenced the way in which children were raised for atleast a generation

Answer 232

uk government decision to not offer free child care places to children under 5 despite this being typical in other European countries

Answer 233

legal norm that mothers are granted custody of the children in divorce and separation whereas previous it was invariably given to fathers

Answer 234

benefits of socially sensitive research framing the question cost benefit analysis social control

Answer 235

studies of underrepresented groups and issues may prompt greater sensitivity and understanding of these

Answer 236

reduce prejudice and encourage acceptance

Answer 237

research into unreliabolotyof eye witness testimonies reduced miscarriage of justices within legal system

Answer 238

socially sensitive research may play a valuable role in society

Answer 239

warns that way in which research questions are phrased and investigated may influence way in which findings are interpreted

Answer 240

research into 'alternative relationships 'has been guilty of a form of heterosexual bias within which homosexual relationships were compared and judged against heterosexual norms

Answer 241

suggests to researchers that investigators must approach their research with an open mind and be prepared to have their preconceptions challenged if they're to avoid misrepresenting minority groups

Answer 242

weighing up possible costs and benefits and only proceed where benefits outweigh costs

Answer 243

in America in 20s and 30s large number of us states enacted legislation that led to the compulsory sterilisation many citizens on grounds that they. were feeble minded and a drain on society

Answer 244

deemed of low intelligence drug or alcohol addicts and mentally ill

Answer 245

may sections of the scientific and psychological community at the time

Answer 246

socially sensitive research used t prop up discriminatory practices in the past is an. argument against it widespread adoption

Issues And Debates Flashcards

(273 cards)