Attachment Flashcards

Question

Caregiver infant interactions What s good for studying babies

Answer 1

Baby don’t know or care they’re being observed so behaviour doesn’t change in response to controlled observations

Answer 2

Means reaserch has high validity

Answer 3

Research into importance of caregiver infant interaction as increased our understanding of how strong attachments can be made

Answer 4

Can more effectively advise and facilitate parent particularly in early weeks after birth

Answer 5

Can lead to stronger relationships in future

Answer 6

Hard to know whats happening when observing infants Socially sensitive reaseach and economics implications for working mothers

Answer 7

Same patterns of interactions by observations between mothers and infants

Answer 8

What is being observed is merely hand movement or changes in expression

Answer 9

What is taking place from an infants perspective as babies cannot communicate inferences must be drawn

Answer 10

Subjective not objective

Answer 11

Cannot really know for certain that behaviours seen in mother infant interactions have a special meanings

Answer 12

Because it suggest that children may be disadvantaged by particular child bearing practices

Answer 13

Mothers who return to work shortly after a child is born as restricts opportunities for achieving interactional synchrony

Answer 14

Argued to be important in developing attachment

Answer 15

Mothers should return to work too soon which has sociallly sensitive implications

Answer 16

Mothers should delay return to work could have economic implications Maternity cover needed mother not receiving wage spending less in local economy etc

Answer 17

investigate process of how early developments formed investigate whether there was a distinct pattern of formation common to all infants identify and describe distinct stages by which attachments form

Answer 18

longitudinal study

Answer 19

60 new born babies from working class area of Glasgow

Answer 20

babies and mothers visited at home every month for first year and again at 18 months observations and interviews conducted question about whom infants smiled at responded to and who caused distress etc attachment measured in two ways

Answer 21

separation protest stranger anxiety

Answer 22

assessed through several everyday situation eg infant left alone in room, outside shops etc

Answer 23

assessed by researcher starting each home visit by approaching the infant to see if this distressed them

Answer 24

6-8 monthss

Answer 25

about a month after started to shown separation protest

Answer 26

mothers who responded ton their needs quickly and gave more opportunities for interaction

Answer 27

mothers who responded less quickly and gave fewer opportunities for interaction

Answer 28

at 18 months around 87% has atleast two attachments

Answer 29

pattern of attachment formation common to all infants suggest process is biologically formed

Answer 30

more easily made wit those who display sensitive responsiveness rather than those spending the most time with child

Answer 31

norm and of similar quantity

Answer 32

nothing to suggest nothing can be shared by several people

Answer 33

generalisability validity reliability

Answer 34

size of 60 babes and carers was good as large volume of data on each participant

Answer 35

all families were from the same district and social class in the same city at a time over 50 years ago

Answer 36

child rearing practices vary from one culture to another and one historic period to another

Answer 37

results doen generalise

Answer 38

by direct observation or self report from mother

Answer 39

prone to bias and inaccuracy

Answer 40

mundane realsim

Answer 41

was conducted under everyday conditions in the families own home doing ordinary activities

Answer 42

unlikely to be affected by presence of observers

Answer 43

drawn about formation of attachments can be seen as having high external valdity

Answer 44

large individual differences in when attachments formed casts doubts on processs of attachment formation being exclusively biological

Answer 45

information gathered on developing attachments by Emerson and Schaffer

Answer 46

preattachment stage /asocial indiscriminate attachment specific attachment multiple attachment

Answer 47

0-3 months

Answer 48

baby learns to separate people from objects from 6 weeks baby prefers humans over objects

Answer 49

smiling at peoples faces doesn't have any string preferences about who cares for it

Answer 50

3-8 months

Answer 51

baby display more observable social behaviour and begin to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people smile at known

Answer 52

not usually still accept comfort from any adult

Answer 53

not different towards any one person

Answer 54

8 months onwards

Answer 55

stay close to particular people, become distressed when separated from them and happy when they return

Answer 56

avoid unfamiliar people and protest if strangers try to handle them

Answer 57

primary attachment figure

Answer 58

adult who offers ,most interaction and responds to baby's signal

Answer 59

9 months onwards

Answer 60

infant extends attachment behaviour to multiple attachments with other adults with whom they regularly spend time with

Answer 61

strong emotional ties with other major care givers but not primary ones

Answer 62

have different functions and strengths

Answer 63

mother figure

Answer 64

problems with studying asocial stage conflicting evidence on multiple attachments problems with studying multiple attachments behavioural measure of attachment may be too simplistic

Answer 65

have poor coordination and are immobile

Answer 66

difficult to make any judgements about them based on observation of behaviour as not much observable behaviour

Answer 67

Childs feeling or cognitions are not highy social and evidence cannot be relied on

Answer 68

clear that children become capable of forming multiple attachments but is unclear when

Answer 69

most babies form attachments t a single carer before forming multiple attachments

Answer 70

where multiple caregivers is the norms suggests that Abbie's can form multiple attachments from the onset

Answer 71

theories cannot and generalised to all may be cultural relativism

Answer 72

just because baby gets distressed when an individual leaves the room doesnt necessarily mean that an individual is a true attachment figure children have playmates swell as attachment figures which may lead to distress if they leave

Answer 73

doesnt signfy attachment can't distinguish between behaviour shown towards secondary attachment fingers and play mates

Answer 74

because used simple behaviours

Answer 75

stranger anxiety and separation anxiety

Answer 76

too crude and may be other factors and behaviours which they should've taken into account

Answer 77

questions validity of stages whether they truly measure attachment

Answer 78

father playing minor role in parenting children raised by married couples with working fathers

Answer 79

now norm for mothers to have job men now having bigger role in parenting then before

Answer 80

children have one primary attachment figure usually mother but could be father

Answer 81

as less of a caregiver ands more of a playmate fathers often more exciting unpredictable and physical than mothers

Answer 82

develop ability to have sensitive responsiveness and be nurturing suggested when father take on role of main care giver the adopt behaviours more typical of mothers

Answer 83

majority of babies become attached to mother first around. 7 months few week or months after form secondary attachments eg to father

Answer 84

infants protesting when father walked away

Answer 85

degree of sensitivity marital intimacy supportive coparenting

Answer 86

more secure attachments found when fathers show more sensitivity to children's needs

Answer 87

degree of intimacy a father has within his relationship with his partner affects the type if attachment he will have with his children

Answer 88

amount of support a father gives his partner to care for children affects type of attachment he will have with his children

Answer 89

research support positive influence

Answer 90

fathers as secondary attachment figures had an important role in Childs development quality of the fathers play was related to the quality of adolescent attachments

Answer 91

fathers have a different role in attachment to do with play and stimulation rather than nurturing

Answer 92

have better relationships with peers less problem behaviour and are able to regulate emotions

Answer 93

positive influence fathers can have on developmental outcomes

Answer 94

inconsistent findings on fathers

Answer 95

researchers interested in different questions

Answer 96

understanding role of father as secondary attachment figures and tend to see fathers behaving differently from mothers and having a distinct role others are concerned with the father as a primary attachment figure

Answer 97

can take on maternal role

Answer 98

cannot simply answer what the role is

Answer 99

for ethics or pracitcal reasons

Answer 100

animals breed faster and researcher are interested in seeing results across more than one generation of animals

Answer 101

bassi that there was a biological continuity between humans and animals

Answer 102

relationship between infant animals and their mothers

Answer 103

Lorenz harlow

Answer 104

greylag goose

Answer 105

form of attachment where bird species that are mobile from birth attach to and follow the first morning object they see

Answer 106

when imprinting needs t take place

Answer 107

chicks would not attach themselves to a mother figure

Answer 108

to investigate the mechanisms of imprinting where the youngsters follow and form an attachment to the first large moving object that they meet

Answer 109

1. Lorenz split a clutch of greylag goos eggs into two batches, one of which was hatched naturally by the mother and the other were hatched in an incubator with lorenzbeing first large moving object they see and recorded following behaviour 2. Lorenz marked all gosling and placed them under upturned box, then removed box and recorded following behaviour

Answer 110

naturally hatched baby goslings followed their mother about whereas incubator hatched goslings followed Lorenz

Answer 111

naturally hatched gosling went straight to mother and incubator hatchlings went to Lorenz showing no bond with natural mother

Answer 112

found to be irreversible

Answer 113

between 4 and 25 hours

Answer 114

would attempt to mate to humans

Answer 115

imprinting is a form of attachment exhibited mainly by nidifugous birds whereby close contact is kept with first large moving object encountered

Answer 116

generalisability to humans some of lorenz observations have been questioned

Answer 117

imprinting in birds

Answer 118

understanding of human development

Answer 119

seems mammals attachment system is quite different from birds

Answer 120

mammalian mother show more of an emotional attachment to young than birds mammals may also be able to form attachments at any time

Answer 121

therefore not appropriate too generalise Lorenz ideas to humans

Answer 122

idea that imprinting has a permanent effect of mating behaviour

Answer 123

guiton et al

Answer 124

chickens imprinting on yellow washing up gloves would try to mate with them as adults as predicted by Lorenz but with experience eventually learned to prefer mating to chickens

Answer 125

impact of imprinting on mating behaviour is not as permanent as Lorenz believed

Answer 126

reliablitiy

Answer 127

has been replicated by other researchers which shows relioabilyt

Answer 128

that critical period was not as fixed as Lorenz suggested

Answer 129

duckling were kept in isolation were able to imprint after the suggested critical period

Answer 130

imprinting is reversible with birds being able to return to their own species if introduced slowly

Answer 131

Rhesus monkeys

Answer 132

Is attachments are primarily formed through food as explained by learning theory

Answer 133

To investigate learning theory by comparing attachment behaviour in baby monkeys given a wire surrogate mother producing milk with those given a soft towelling mother producing no milk

Answer 134

1. Two types of surrogate mother produced, harsh wire mother and soft towelling mother Sixteen baby monkeys split into four conditions 2. Amount of time spent with each mother as well as feeding times recorded 3. Monkeys were frightened by loud noise to test for mother preference during stress 4. Larger cage was also used to test the monkeys degree of exploration

Answer 135

-cage containing wire mother producing milk and towelling mother no milk -cage containing wire mother no milk and towelling mother producing milk

Answer 136

Preferred contact with towelling mother when given choice regardless of whether she produced milk even stretched across to wire mother to feed whilst still clinging to towelling mother

Answer 137

Monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea a sign of stress

Answer 138

Monkeys clung to towelling ,mother in conditions where she was available

Answer 139

Monkeys with towelling mother explained more and visited their surrogate mother more often

Answer 140

Rhesus monkeys have innate unlearned need for contact conform suggesting that attachment concerns emotional security more then food Contact comfort is associated with lower levels of stress and a willingness to explore indicating emotional security

Answer 141

Mother figure had to be introduced to an infant monkey within 90 days for attachment to form

Answer 142

Attachment was impossible and damage done by early deprivation was irreversible

Answer 143

Followed the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood

Answer 144

Monkeys reared with wire mothers

Answer 145

More aggressive, less sociable , bred less often, unskilled at mating and as mother some neglected attacked and even killed their young

Answer 146

Theoretical value Practical value

Answer 147

Psychologists understanding of human,an mother infant attachment

Answer 148

Attachment doesn’t develop as a result of being fed by mother figure but from contact comfort

Answer 149

Showed importance of the quality of early relationships for later social development including ability to hold down relationship and successfully raise children

Answer 150

Important practical applications in a range of contexts

Answer 151

Risk factors in child neglect and abuse and allow intervention to prevent it

Answer 152

Understand the importance for proper attachment figures for baby moneys in zoos and breeding programmes in the wild

Answer 153

Monkeys are much more similar to humans than Lorenz geese

Answer 154

Extent to which studied of non human primates can be generalised to humans

Answer 155

Many other factors such as more complex emotions and parents life or situation

Answer 156

May be inappropriate to generalise findings of monkeys to humans

Answer 157

Monkeys suffered greatly as a result of harlows procedures

Answer 158

Species considered similar enough to humans to be able to generalise the findings which mean as there suffering was presumably quite human like

Answer 159

Yes he referred to wire others as iron maidens which are medieval torture devices

Answer 160

Research was sufficiently important to justify effects

Answer 161

to be able to observe key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of a Childs attachment to a care giver

Answer 162

collected earlier by ainsworth and to create a valid method to measure attachment

Answer 163

9-18 months

Answer 164

every aspect of behaviour being observed

Answer 165

lab situation was unfamiliar (strange )

Answer 166

controlled observation

Answer 167

time sampling

Answer 168

every 15 second category of behaviour displayed was recorded and scored on an intensity

Answer 169

security of attachment a child displays toward a caregiver

Answer 170

two way mirror

Answer 171

proximity seeking exploration and secure base behaviour stranger anxiety separation anxiety response to reunion

Answer 172

infant with good attachment will stay fairly close to caregiver

Answer 173

goos attachent enables child to feel confident to explore, using caregiver as a secure base

Answer 174

one of sings of becoming closely attached is display of anxiety when stranger approaches

Answer 175

another sign of becoming attached is to protest at separation from caregiver

Answer 176

with caregiver after separation for a short period of time under controlled conditions

Answer 177

each lasts 3 minutes except first one which is 30 secs

Answer 178

stranger mother infant

Answer 179

child and caregiver enter an unfamiliar playroom and the child is encouraged to explore

Answer 180

stranger comes in and tries to interact with infant care giver leaves stranger and child together

Answer 181

caregiver returns and stranger leaves

Answer 182

caregiver leaves child alone

Answer 183

stranger retuning

Answer 184

distinct patterns in way infant behaved with three main types of attachment

Answer 185

type A, insecure/avoidant attachment type B, securely attached type C, insecure/anxious resistant attachment

Answer 186

high levels

Answer 187

children explore freely but don't seek proximity or show secure base behaviour

Answer 188

low levels and show little to no reaction when caregiver leaves

Answer 189

low levels

Answer 190

very little response at reunion makes little effort to make contact when caregiver returns don't require/avoud comfort

Answer 191

securely attached associated with psychology healthy outcomes

Answer 192

explore happily but regularly go back to caregiver

Answer 193

joy at reunion require and accept comfort from caregiver likely to greet enthusiastically easy to calm

Answer 194

seek greater proximity than others and so explore less more clingy

Answer 195

high/extreme

Answer 196

resist comfort when reunited with their carer and may seek and then reject mother on reunion eg ho,d out arms but resist contact

Answer 197

sensitive responsive ness is major factor determining quality of attachments sensitive others correct interpret infant signals and reasons appropriately to their needs sensitive mothers tend to have securely attached babies

Answer 198

good validity good reliability

Answer 199

attachment type is strongly predictive of later devlopemtn

Answer 200

have better outcomes in many areas, success at school, romantic relationships and friendships in adulthood

Answer 201

worse outcomes including bullying in later childhood and mental health problems

Answer 202

validity of the concept because it can explain subsequent outcomes

Answer 203

different observers watching the same children generally agree on what attachment type to classify them with

Answer 204

may be because takes place in controlled conditions and behavioural categories are easy to observe

Answer 205

bick et al

Answer 206

inter rater reliability in a team of trained strange situation observers

Answer 207

agreement on attachments type for 94% tested babies

Answer 208

can be confident that attachment type of an infant indeintifed in strange situation doesn't just depend on who's observing gthem

Answer 209

artificial at least one more attachment type

Answer 210

as is laboratory based and stranger acting to a script

Answer 211

far removed from everyday situations

Answer 212

behaviour of infants and not enough on mother

Answer 213

could distor them and may not be applicable to real life

Answer 214

thee insecure avoidant insecure resistant and secure

Answer 215

minority of children display atypical attachments that don't fall with types a b or c

Answer 216

disorganised attachment

Answer 217

odd mix of resistant and avoidant behaviours

Answer 218

questions validity of ainswoths work as this attachment type hasn't been acknowledged

Answer 219

patterns of attachment types across different cultures regardless of child rearing styles used within those cultures

Answer 220

secure attachments with equal amounts of insecure avoidant and resistant

Answer 221

infants attachment types aren't biological but learned through exposure to different cross cultural child rearing styles

Answer 222

in some one person does most of care giving in other many carers are involved

Answer 223

how different attachment types are regarded

Answer 224

in Britain viewed negatively as associated with weak attachment to peoples in germany valued as associated with being independent from others and in Germany more infants classed as type A

Answer 225

van Izjendoorn

Answer 226

meta analysis of cultural differences

Answer 227

uses secondary data from large number of studies which have involved same research questions and methods may perform statistical analysis of qualitative analysis

Answer 228

Conducted a study to look at proportions of attachment types across a range of countries Also looked at differences without the same countries to get an idea of variation within a culture

Answer 229

Analysed 32 studies of attachment where strange situation has been used to investigate proportions of infants with different attachment types and data was then meta analysed

Answer 230

Wide variation between proportions of attachment types in different studies

Answer 231

Securely attached

Answer 232

75% in Britain to 50% in China

Answer 233

Results of studied within the same country were much greater than between countries In USA eg one study found only 46% securely attached compared to 90% in different area

Answer 234

Insecure resistant

Answer 235

3% in Britain to 30% in Israel with Japan having the next highest rate

Answer 236

Most commonly observed in Germany and least commonly in Japan

Answer 237

Simonella et al

Answer 238

If proportions of babies of different attachment types still matched those found in previous studies

Answer 239

76 12 moth olds using strange situation

Answer 240

50% secure 36% insecure avoidant

Answer 241

Lower rate of attachment

Answer 242

Because increasing numbers of mother of very young children work long hours and use professional child care

Answer 243

Cultural changes can make a dramatic different to patterns of secure and insecure attachments

Answer 244

Secure attachment seems to be the norm in a wide range of cultures Support bowlbys idea that attachment is innate and universal and being securely attached in the universal norm Cultural practices have an influence on attachment types

Answer 245

Large samples

Answer 246

Combining results of attachment studies carried out in different countries results in a very large sample

Answer 247

Studied 1990 babies and their primary attachment figures

Answer 248

Increased internal validity by reducing impacts of anomalous results caused by bad methodology or very unusual participants

Answer 249

Samples comparing countries not cultures Method of assessment is biased Strange situation lacks validity

Answer 250

To study cultural variation however comparisons made between countries not cultures

Answer 251

Cultures involving different child rearing practices

Answer 252

One sample may over represent people living in poverty and stress of which affects care giving and patterns of attachment Similar attachment maybe found in urban settings in Tokyo and ion western countries

Answer 253

Comparisons between countries eg Korea and Italy may have little meaning

Answer 254

Particular cultural characteristics and therefore caregiving style of sample need to be specified

Answer 255

Etic and emic

Answer 256

Cultural universals

Answer 257

Cultural uniqueness

Answer 258

An Mexican researcher based on a British theory

Answer 259

There is therefore a question whether these theories and assessments can be applied to other cultures

Answer 260

Trying to apply a theory or technique designed for one culture onto another

Answer 261

Idea that a lack of separation anxiety and lack of pleasure on reunion indicates an insecure attachment in the strange situation In Germany this behaviour might be seen as independence rather than avoidance

Answer 262

Maybe culture bound

Answer 263

Eg being left with strangers Japanese mothers are rarely separated from their babies

Answer 264

From stress during the strange situation due to infants unfamiliarity at being left with strangers

Answer 265

Temperament therefore anxiety is being assessed rather than attachment

Answer 266

May lack ecological validity

Answer 267

Question is really measuring attachment type

Answer 268

Behaviourism

Answer 269

Cupboard love approach as emphasises importance of the caregivers as a provider of food

Answer 270

Whoever feeds them

Answer 271

When a response produced naturally by a certain stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus that is not normally associated with that response

Answer 272

Caregiver(NS) —> no response Food(UCS) —> pleasure (UCR) Caregiver + Food-> Pleasure (UCR) Caregiver (CS)—> pleasure CR

Answer 273

Learning to repeat a behaviour or not depending on its consequences

Answer 274

Why babies cry for comfort

Answer 275

Important behaviour in building attachment

Answer 276

Positive reinforcement as gets a positive response from the caregiver eg feeding

Answer 277

More likely to cry to reduce unpleasant feeling of hunger

Answer 278

As crying stops so escaping something unpleasant

Answer 279

Strengthen attachment

Answer 280

Counter evidence from animal research Learning theory ignored other factors associated with forming attachments Reductionist

Answer 281

Actually young animals don’t necessarily attach to or imprint on those who feed them

Answer 282

Lorena’s geese imprinted before they were fed and maintained these attachment regardless of who fed them

Answer 283

Harlows monkeys attached to a soft surrogate in preference to a wire one that dispensed milk

Answer 284

That attachment doesn’t develop as a result of feeding

Answer 285

Learning theorists believed that animals and humans are equivalent so food doesn’t creat attachments in humans.

Answer 286

Quality of attachment is associated with factors like developing reciprocity and good levels of interactional synchrony Also the best quality attachments are with sensitive carers that pick up infant signals and response appropriately

Answer 287

Quality of attachment is associated with factors like developing reciprocity and good levels of interactional synchrony

Answer 288

Idea of cupboard love

Answer 289

There would be no point to these complex interactions

Answer 290

Relationships between these interactions and quality of attachment

Answer 291

Behaviourist explantions as they explain complex behaviours in the simplest ways possible

Answer 292

Doesn’t consider internal cognitive processes or the emotional nature of attachments

Answer 293

Some elements of conditioning could still be involved

Answer 294

Is not a good explantions of attachment

Answer 295

That many aspects of human development are affected by conditioning

Answer 296

Feeding provides the unconditioned stimulus or reinforcement

Answer 297

Association betweeen the primary caregiver and the provision of comfort and social interaction is part of what builds the interactions

Answer 298

Learning theory

Answer 299

Work of Lorenz and Harlow

Answer 300

Evolutionary explanation that attachment is an innate system that gave a survival advantage

Answer 301

Evolved because they ensure that y young animas are close to caregiver

Answer 302

Infants became genetically programmed to behave towards their mothers in ways that increased their survival chances

Answer 303

Placed great emphasis on child’s attachment to one particular care giver

Answer 304

Placed great emphasis on child’s attachment to one particular care giver

Answer 305

Different and more important than others Called them the mother but didn’t need to be the biological mother

Answer 306

Believed more time spent with mother figure the better

Answer 307

Law of continuity Law of accumulated separation

Answer 308

More constant and predictable a childs care the better quality of their attachment

Answer 309

The effects of every separation from the mother add up safest dose is therefore a zero dose

Answer 310

Innate species specific attachment behaviours because their purpose is to activate the adult attachment system

Answer 311

Through evolution infants become genetically programmed to behave towards their mothers in ways that increased their survival chances

Answer 312

Crying Looking smiling and vocalising Following and clinging

Answer 313

Attract parents attention

Answer 314

Maintain parental attention and interest

Answer 315

Gain and maintain proximity to parents

Answer 316

A reciprocal process

Answer 317

When carers respond to infants attachemnt behaviours in a meaningful way

Answer 318

When carers respond to infants attachemnt behaviours in a meaningful way

Answer 319

Gradually builds relationship between infant and caregiver

Answer 320

Between infants and their biological others and he admitted this could occasionally occur with their father or a non biological figure

Answer 321

A control system to maintain proximity to the mother

Answer 322

Attachment behaviours (social releaser) is quiet as no need to cry or cling and they get on with playing and exploring to aids mental and social development

Answer 323

Eg mother disappears from view and satrange approaches attachment behaviours are activated to restore it

Answer 324

As children grow and become more competent cognitively and behaviourally

Answer 325

Refers to time within an attachemnt must form is it is to corm at all

Answer 326

Several hours in geese

Answer 327

90 days in monkeys

Answer 328

The child will find it difficult to form attachment thereafter Would present irreversible consequences

Answer 329

First attachemnt forms blue print for future relationships Form of schema of what relationships are like

Answer 330

Will tend to form an expectation that all relationships are as loving and reliable and will go on to form successful relationships with peers romantic partners and own children

Answer 331

What relationships are like so will be important in affecting a child future relationship

Answer 332

Affects child’s later ability to be a parent them selves People tend to base their parenting on their own experiences of being parented Explains why children from functional families tend to have similar families themselves

Answer 333

Support for internal working model

Answer 334

Predicts that patterns of attachment will be passed from one generation to the next

Answer 335

Bailey et al

Answer 336

99 mothers with one year old babies on the quackery of their attachment to their own mothers by interviewing them Also the attachemnt of babies to the mothers by observation

Answer 337

That mothers who reported poor attachments to their own parents in the interviews were much more likely to have attachments to their children classified as poor according to observations

Answer 338

Ideas that an internal working model of attachment was being passed through families

Answer 339

Monotropic is socially sensitive Mixed evidence for monotropy Animal studies

Answer 340

It is controversial and has major implications for the lifestyle choices mothers make when their children are young

Answer 341

That having substantial time apart from a primary attachment finger risks having poor quality attachment

Answer 342

Mother figures and increase pressure on them

Answer 343

Mothers to take blame for anything that goes wrong in later life from the child and pushed mother into particular choices eg returning to work after child is born

Answer 344

Has been used by right ring political figures as scientiifc proof that women should be at home mothering children and not at work with their children in day care

Answer 345

Saw himself as boosting the stratus of mothers by emphasising the importance of their role

Answer 346

That babies generally formed one attachment to their primary caregiver and that this attachment was special in some way different from later attachments Only after could multiple attachments be formed

Answer 347

Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 348

Most babies did attach to one person first but a significant minority were also able to fomr multiple attachments at the same time

Answer 349

Whether there is something unique about the first attachment so jury out on monotropy

Answer 350

Precocial animals which a mobile soon after birth

Answer 351

Altricial so born at relatively early stage of development and imprinting may not relate to humans

Answer 352

That more exposure to another individual is sufficient for attachemnt to develop

Answer 353

Goes against bowlbys idea s

Answer 354

Suggests a child having their first relationship ship with their primary attachment figure forms a mental representation of this relationship and acts as a template for future relationships

Answer 355

Assume this is how relationships re meant to be and will seek out functional relationships and behave funtionally within them Wouldn’t be too emotionally close or be controlling and argumentative

Answer 356

Later in childhood Romantic partners Adulthood as a parent

Answer 357

Quality of peer relationships in children

Answer 358

Tend to go to form the best quality childhood friendships

Answer 359

Have friendships difficulties

Answer 360

Smith assessed attachment type and bullying involvement in 196 children

Answer 361

Most likely to be victims of bullying

Answer 362

Most likely to be bullies

Answer 363

McCarthy studied 40. Adult women who had been assessed as infants to establish their early attachment type and found

Answer 364

Had best adult friendships and relationships

Answer 365

Had particular problems maintaining friendships

Answer 366

Struggled with intimacy in romantic relationships

Answer 367

Internal waking model so attachment type therefore passed through generations of a family

Answer 368

Bailey et al assessed 99 mother with one year old babies open the quality of their attachment to their own mother by interviewing them Also assessed the attachment of the babies to the mother with observation

Answer 369

Mothers who reported poor attachments to their own parents in the interviews were much more likely to have attachments to their children classified as poor

Answer 370

Idea that as Bowlby said an internal; working model of attachment was being passed through families

Answer 371

Idea that as Bowlby said an internal; working model of attachment was being passed through families

Answer 372

Supported by research evidence

Answer 373

Hazan and shaver

Answer 374

Conducted a classic study of the association between attachment and adult relationships Analysed 620 replied to love quiz in newspaper which assessed most important relation shops general love experiences

Answer 375

56% securely attached most likely to have a good and longer lasting romantic experience 25% insecure avoidant tended to reveal jealousy and fear of intimacy

Answer 376

Patterns of attachment behaviour are reflected in romantic relationships

Answer 377

Most studied have issues with validity Deterministic Association doesn’t mean causality

Answer 378

Strange situation

Answer 379

By interview or questionnaire Not infancy but years after

Answer 380

Validity problems

Answer 381

Self report techniques where validity is limited and respondents being honest having a realistic view of own relationships

Answer 382

Looking back i8n adulthood at ones early relationships to a primary attachment figure relies on accurate recollection

Answer 383

May have been over exaggerated by Bowlby and others

Answer 384

No may just jabber greater risk of problems

Answer 385

Financial pressure, age, differences between partners

Answer 386

Internal Woking model is determentint and people may become too pessimistic about the future

Answer 387

Found infant attachment type is associated with the quality of later relationships and the implant ions is that attachment type causes these outcomes

Answer 388

Continuity that often exists between infant and later relationships

Answer 389

Such as parenting style or temperament might have a direct effect on both attachment and child’s ability to form realtionshops with others

Answer 390

Counter to bowlbys view that an internal working model causes these later outcomes

Answer 391

Healthy psychological development id dependent upon attachments forming between infants and their mothers

Answer 392

What happens if these attachments are broken

Answer 393

Continual presence of nurtue from a mother or mother substitute is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers

Answer 394

Even short disruptions results in serious and permanent damage to a child emotional; social and intellectual development

Answer 395

Internal working model where attachments have been disrupted or not formed at all leads to an inability to be a good parent

Answer 396

Saw 2.5 yers of life as a critical period for psychological development

Answer 397

If separated from mother no suitable substitute care child will be deprived of emotional care for an extended period and psychological damage inevitable

Answer 398

Short term separation Long term deprivation Privation

Answer 399

Brief temporary separation from attachment figures eg attending day care

Answer 400

If child is deprived and loses an element of care so behavioural problems could be seen later

Answer 401

Protest Despair Detachment

Answer 402

Immediate reaction of separation eg crying and clinging to mother, outward expression of child’s anger fear and confusion

Answer 403

Calmer more pathetic behaviour, anger and fear still felt inwardly little responses to offers of comfort child may comfort self eg child sucking thumb

Answer 404

Child responds to others again but treats everyone warily , rejection of caregiver at reunion is common as sign of anger

Answer 405

Lengthy or permanent separation from attachment figure eg divorce death or imprisonment

Answer 406

Education and intellectual development Emotional and behavioural development

Answer 407

Academic performance and educational attainment In particular if children were deprived of maternal care for too long in the critical period would suffer delayed intellectual development with abnormally low IQ

Answer 408

In studies of adoption

Answer 409

Emotional well being social development self concept stress and depression Behavioural problems and delinquency

Answer 410

Inability to experience guilt or strong emotions for others and prevent person developing normal relationships and is associated with criminality Can’t appreciate feelings of victims and so lacks remorse for their action

Answer 411

Concerns children who have never formed an attachment bond more likely to lead to lasting damage

Answer 412

Is contradictory as some individuals fully recover whilst other make little improvement Cases are relatively rare

Answer 413

Through case studies

Answer 414

Language Hostility to adults Physical underdevelopment Lack of understanding in toys or pictures Low IQ Learning diffuclaty

Answer 415

Practical application

Answer 416

Creat strategies to help children help with divorce and death

Answer 417

Legal requirement for divorcing parent to attend an eduction programme

Answer 418

Understand and avoid difficulties associated with disrupted attachments eg providing emotional support and keeping consistent

Answer 419

Theory can be used to improve quality of life

Answer 420

Deterministic Evidence may be poor Individual difference

Answer 421

Idea that broken attachment will have serious and permanent t effects on development

Answer 422

View that negative effects of maternal deprivation are irreversible

Answer 423

Children whose privation experiences were followed by positive consequence made good recovery

Answer 424

Such a pessimistic view of the future may not be necessary and the critical period may be a sensitive one but not actually critical

Answer 425

Multiple sources such as children orphaned during WW2 and those growing up in poor quality orphanages which are flawed

Answer 426

Trauma and poor aftercare might have caused later development difficulties rather than the separation

Answer 427

Not just maternal care but many aspects of care

Answer 428

Retrospective memories that may be selective and incorrect and now way of knowing what happened to these individuals before discovery

Answer 429

Important in short term separation

Answer 430

Secryuely attached children and more mature children cope better with separations

Answer 431

Only some children expeicne distress

Answer 432

Means of investigating the effects of maternal deprivation

Answer 433

President required women to have 5 children each but most couldn’t afford top keep them so ended up in huge orphanages

Answer 434

Very poor lack of nourishing food toys and social interaction lacked loving care Often divided into age groups so less devopemnt

Answer 435

Rutgers English’s and Romanian adoptee study

Answer 436

What extent good care could make up for poor early experiences in institutions

Answer 437

Followed group of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain Physical cognitive and emotional development assessed at ages 4,6,11,15 Groups of 52 British children adopted around same time acted as as control gru

Answer 438

Half showed signs of delayed intellectual development Majority were severely undernourished

Answer 439

Differential rates of recovery that were related to their adoption age

Answer 440

Before 6 months-102 mean IQ 6 month to 2 yo-86 mean IQ After 2 yo-77 mean IQ

Answer 441

Disinhibited attachment

Answer 442

Attachment style with symptoms of attention seeking clinginess social behaviour directed indiscriminately towards all adults both familiar and unfamiliar

Answer 443

If adopted after 8 months showed signs Before 6 months rarely showed this attachment style

Answer 444

Effects of living in an institutional settting

Answer 445

Refers to p;ace like hospital or orphanage where children live for long periods of time often very little emotional care provided

Answer 446

Mix of privation and deprivation effects

Answer 447

Delayed intellectual development Emotional development Lack of internal working model Quasi autism Disinhibited attachment

Answer 448

Shown by low IQ, problems with concentration may struggle at school more than others and may not learn new behaviours as quickly

Answer 449

Shown by more temper tantrums

Answer 450

Shown by difficulties interacting with peers and forming close relationships

Answer 451

Shown by problems understanding the meaning of social contexts may display obsessive behaviour

Answer 452

Equally friendly and affectionate towards people they know well or are strangers Clingy attention seeking behaviour directed inappropriately at all adults

Answer 453

As an adaption to living with multiple caregivers during the sensitive period of attachment as not seen caregiver enough to make secure attachment

Answer 454

Either adopt before 6 months Or effects may be reversed with sensitive parenting

Answer 455

Real life application Fewer extraneous variables than other orphan studies

Answer 456

Understanding if the effects of institutionalisation

Answer 457

Improvement in way children are cared for in institutions

Answer 458

Orphanages and children homes now avoid having large numbers of caregivers for each child and ensure a much smaller groups of people to play a central role for the child

Answer 459

Children have the chance top development normal attachment,ent and help a void inhibited attachment

Answer 460

Such research had been immensely valuable in practical terms

Answer 461

Involved children who had experience loss or trauma eg neglect or abuse before institutionalalised

Answer 462

Hard to observe the effects of institutionalisation in isolation because the children were dealing with multiple factors and were confounding variables

Answer 463

Possible to study institutionalisation without these confounding variables

Answer 464

Increases internal validity

Answer 465

Romanian orphanages were not typical Methodological issues

Answer 466

Possible the conditions were so bad that results cannot be applied to understanding the impacts of better quality institutional care or any other situation where children expeice deprivation

Answer 467

Particularly poor standards of care especially when it came to forming any relationship with children and l0w levels of intellectual stimulation

Answer 468

Unusual situational variables mean the studes may lack generalisability

Answer 469

Children were not randomly assigned to conditions

Answer 470

Researchers didn’t interfere with the adoption process Children adopted early may have been the more socialbkle ones

Answer 471

Children adopted early would have all been a certain type of person