Agro-meteorology Flashcards by Debangana Brahma

Meteorology word derived from?

Greek word:
Meteoro + Logy =
Above the Earth’s Surface + study

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Physical State of the atmosphere at a given place at a given time (relatively short-term)

Weather

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What is the seat of photochemical reaction?

Stratosphere

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In which layer of atmosphere are earth’s clouds present?

Trophosphere

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The lowermost and topmost atmospheric layer of earth?

Trophosphere
Exosphere

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What are the parameters or the external factors affecting crop production?

LAP-TV
Latitude, Altitude, Precipitation,
Topography, Vegetation,

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Precipitation in arid and semi arid areas?

Arid: <500mm
Semi arid: 750-1000mm (max in India)

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Precipitation in sub-arid & humid regions?

sub-arid: 750-1000mm
Humid: >1000mm

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Dimensions in scale of weather

Height
Horizontal Scale
Time

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Categories of Scales of Climate as per IMD Pune

Macro
- Planetary and Synoptic
Meso
Micro

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Climatic conditions that last for a few minutes and occur in less than 1km area horizontally and 10m vertically in the atmosphere

Micro-Climate
Eg: dew, industial smoke, small eddy currents, etc.

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Scales of Micro, Meso and Macro climatic condition as per IMD

Micro, Meso, Synoptic, Planetary
<1km, 1-100km, 100-1000km, 1000+ km
<10m, 1-10km, 1-10km, 10 km
few mins, 1 day, few days, Large no. of days

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Scales of Micro, Meso and Macro climatic condition as per other authors

Micro, Meso, Synoptic, Planetary
<100m, 1-100km, 200-500km,2k-5k km
200m, 1-10km, 10km, 10 km
6-12 min, 1-10 hrs, 100 hrs, 200-400hrs

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Examples of Meso Climatic conditons

Thunderstorms (convective clouds), tornados, Dust storms, fog, land & sea breeze, etc.

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Examples of Synoptic Planetary conditions?

Depressions, Cyclonic storms, troughs & ridges

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Examples Planetary climatic conditions?

Global circulation, ITCZ, Monsoon troughs, etc

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Permanent change in weather phenomenon and temporary change is weather phenomenon from normal

Climate change
Climate variability

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Different people/organisations that made Climate Classifications?

Thorne Thwaite: PHMDSA
Troll: ASSH
ICAR: SSA

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What is the Thorne Thwaite Classification of Climate based on?

Moisture index
Measured through Potential Evapo-Transpiration (PET)

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What is the Thorne Thwaite Classification

PHMDSA
Per Humid: 100+
Humid: 100-20
Moist sub-humid: 20-0
Dry sub-humid: 0 to -33.3
Semi Arid: -33.3 to -66.7
Arid: -66.7 to -100

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What does the Troll Criteria depend on?

No. of Humid Months

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What is the Troll classification?

ASSH
Arid: <2 months of rain - 17% India
Semi-Arid Dry: 2-4.5 months - 57%
Semi-Arid Wet: 4.5-7 months - 12%
Humid: >7 months of rain - 1.10%

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What does the ICAR’s criteria of Climate classification depend on?

Moisture Deficit Index

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What is the ICAR Classification of Climate?

SSA
Sub-Humid: 0-33.3
Semi-Arid -33.3 to -66.6
Arid: >-66.6

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How many metrological sub-divisions are there in India?

Most of our average annual rainfall is during?

**Monsoon: 70%** of the 125cm

Average of Max and Min temperature of day minus the base temperature of the crop

**Degree Day** of the Crop (T_max - T_min) / 2 - T _base

What is: 1. used to guide agricultural operations and planting land use 2. Forecast crop havest dates, yield & quality 3. Forecast labour req 4. done before Introducing new crops 5. Predicting the liklihood of successful growth

Growing Degree Day

Precipitation of **liquid water particles** either in the form of drops of diameter **greater than 0.5mm** or smaller widely scattered drops

Rain

Uniform precipitation of **fine drops, less than 0.5mm** in diameter

Drizzle

Fine drops of less than 0.5 mm that completely evaporate before touching ground?

Mist

Precipitation of white and **opaque grains** of ice (solid water in branched hexagonal crystals)

Snow

A mixture of rain & snow, small pellets of transparent ice 5mm or less in diameter. Happens when rain falling to earth passes through a layer of cold air and freezes

Sleet In High altitute in winter

Small pieces of ice of diameter 5-50+ mm. Dreaded & destructive storms that are more frequent in the tropics, March - May in India

Hail

Lines connection areas of equal amount of precipitation

Isohytes

Lines connecting areas of same temperature Lines connecting areas of same atmospheric pressure

Isotherm Isobar

Average value of 30 years of a particular weather element continuing for a week, month, or years

Climatic normal

What depends on the climatic normal of a place?

crop distribution, production and productivity

When isobars are eliptical than circular, the system is called?

Ridge or wedge

A low pressure region that brings winds the velocity of 40-120 km/hr mostly during the summer. Those in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea brings heavy rainfall and a change in existing weather

Storm

A combination of heat and moisture with **speeds exceeding 120km/hr** originating from water vapour rising from the warm sea/ocean and lasts longer than a storm

Hurricane in North Atlantic and eastern North Pacific. Typhoons in Western North Pacific Willy Willies in Australia Cyclones in the Indian Ocean

Storms by cumulonimbus clouds, accompanied by lightning & thunder

Thunderstorms

Violently rotating column of air attended by funnel/tubular shaped cloud extending downwards from the base of a cumulonimbus Most violent storms of troposphere Occur during spring or summer, mostly

Tornado

General Water phenomenon that is controlled by meteorological factor that occurs in night at well and is dependent on temperature and humidity

Evaporation

Water phenomenon controlled by both meteorological and plant factors

Transpiration

What is the classification of a Hot month, Cold month and warm month?

>20 degrees 15-20 degrees 0-10 degrees

Photosynthetic activities take place in what range of solar radiation?

Visible Light Range 0.39-0.76 meu

What is the value of solar constant?

2 cal/cm2/min

Solar Radiation that reflects back into the atmosphere after striking an object or air in earth, & is not transformed into heat. % of reflected radiation to the incident radiation

Albedo

Albedo of clouds?

55%

Shade loving plants and Sun loving plants are known as?

Sciophytes: Betel vine, Buck Wheat Hetrophytes: Maize, Sorghum, cereals (rice, wheat)

The plant injury where due to high temperature of **50-60 degrees** where **plant cells get killed**

Thermal Death Point

Injury caused on the **barks of stem** by high temperature during day time and low during night time

Sun Clad

**Stem at ground level scorches**, due to high soil temperature causing death of plant by destroying conductive tissue. Eg: Cotton in sandy soil

Stem Girdle

Plants of **hot climate, exposed to low temp** and are killed or severely injured or development of chloratic condition (**yellowing**). Eg: Sorghum & Maize during winter when night temp is below 20 degree

Chilling Injury

In plants **of temperate region** when exposed to very low temperatures, **water in cells freezes** into ice, protoplasm is dehydrated leading death. Eg: Frost damage of potato, tea, etc

Freezing Injury

Plant injury by **lifting up of plants**, along with

Heaving

What are the methods of classification of drought?

2 methods of classification AS-MHA (AS in MaHA)

Conditions of **Low Atmospheric Humidity**, high wind velocity, high temp, where plants lose most of their moisture by transpiration

Atmospheric Drought

2 types of Soil Drought are?

Physical & Physiological

Actual shortage of water due to limited or non-availability of water from various sources

Physical Water Drought

Phenomenon where water is available but **plants can't absorb them** due to physiological reasons like excessive salts or imbalanced pH, etc.

Physiological Soil Droughts

Phenomenon when seasonal rainfall is less than 75% of its long term average over a wide area

Meteorological Drought

Phenomenon where waterbodies start drying up, causing depletion of surface water and drying up of inland water bodies and a decrease in water level

**Hydrological drought** Meterological drought leads to hydrological drought

Phenomenon where Inadequate soil moisture and rainfall impact crop growth, leading leading to extreme crop stress, yield loss and wilting of plants

Agricultural Drought

3 types of weather forecasting?

- Short Range: Now Casting, Very Short Range - Medium Range - Long Range

Weather forecast range upto 72 hours is called? It forecasts?

Short Range For Rainfall distribution, rainfall rate (heavy/low), thunderstorms and heat or cold waves

Short range forecasting is used by?

Farmers, Mariners and different Agencies

Weather forcast for the next 0-2 hours

**Now** casting

Weather forecast for the next 1-12 hours?

Very Short Range Forecast

Weather forecast for the next 3-10 days? it is for predicting?

Medium Range For predicting Rainfall occurance and temperature

National Centre for Medium Range Weather (NCMRF) Forecasting is located in?

**Noida, UP** Noida needs medium rain

Weather forecast beyond 10 days, up to a month or a season is? it is for?

Long Range Forecast For Indian Monsoon and Expected Rain Amount

Who uses Long Range Weather Forecats?

Planners

A scheme by IMD, State Agricultural Universities and ICAR, which renders medium range weather forecast based Agromet Advisory Services to the farmers at the district level

Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa Scheme

8 weather parameters considered in GKMS Scheme? ## Footnote Grameen Krishi Mausam Seva

* Rainfall * Max Temp * Min Temp * Morning & Evening Relative Humidity * Wind Speed * Wind Direction * Cloud Cover

Who prepares the Agromet Advisory in GKMS Scheme and when is it relelased?

ICAR-CRIDA with IMD Every Friday

An enormous volume of meteorological data is being collected from all over the world continuously round the clock through various telecommunication channels The observations are plotted on maps in standard weather codes for assimilation. This kind of map is known as?

Synoptic Charts

What does a Full white circle in Synaptic Charts represents?

Clear sky

What does a Full black circle in Synaptic Charts represents?

Overcast

What does a semi colon in Synaptic Charts represents?

Drizzle

What does a Double Line in Synaptic Charts represents?

Mist

What does a triple line in Synaptic Charts represents?

Fog

Detailed agricultural information collected by IMD, condensed and presented in pictorial form

Crop Weather Calendar

How many parts does a crop weather calendar have?

3 parts: Bottom, Middle, Top

What does the bottom part of a Crop Weather Calendar show?

Phenological stages of crop and the months

Which part of a crop weather calendar shows the weather conditions required for active crop growth

Middle part Divided into Rainfall, Min/Max Temp, Sundhine Hours, Pan Evaporation

Which part of a Crop Weather Calendar gives information regarding weather abnormalities (precautionary measures)

The Top Part Divided into Dry spell length, High wind, Heavy rainfall, Cloudy weather

Representation of crop through **mathematical equations** explaining the crop's interaction with both above ground and below ground environment

Crop Modelling

Model where **relationship between the yield or yield components** with weather expressed, measured using Statistical techniques

Statistical Model of Crop Modelling

Crop model that explains not only the relationship between weather parameters and yield, but **also influencing dependent variables**

Mechanistic model

Crop model that estimate the **exact value** of the yield or dependable variable

Deterministic Model

A crop model where a **probability element** is attached to each output. These models define the yield or state of dependent variable at a given rate

Stochastic Model

Crop model where **time** is included as a variable. Both dependent and independent variables have values which remain constant over a given period of time

Dynamic Models

A crop modeling system where time is not included as a variable. The dependent and independent variables having value remain constant over a period of time

Static model

**Computer crop models** that are a mathematical **representation of a real world system**. Used to estimate agricultural production as a function of weather and soil conditions

Simulation models

A crop model that **defines** the behaviour of the system in **a simple manner**. Has one or more mathematical model

Descriptive model

Crop model that consist of **quantitative description of the mechanism and process** that causes the behaviour of the system

Explanatory model

Sowing of what is influenced by NE monsoon in southern india

Sowing of RABI | Oct to Dec

Lux meter is used to?

Measures the intensity of light in an emvironment

Agro-meteorology Flashcards

(100 cards)