Horticulture Flashcards by Debangana Brahma

Origin of the word ‘Horticulture’

From Latin Words:
Hortus + cultura
garden + cultivation

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Fruits that can ripen off the plant

Climacteric Fruits
Eg: Banana, peach, mango, papaya

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Fruits that are harvested after the ripen on the tree

Non-Climacteric Fruits
Eg: Grapes, Oranges, Cherry

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Development of seedless fruits is known as? Hormones used to induce this?

Parthocarpy
Auxin & Gibberellic Acid

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How many horiculture zones are there in India?

3
Tropical
Sub-tropical
Temperate

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Asexual modes of reproduction in plants?

Apomixis
Parthenocarpy

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Fruits with seeds, that are genetically identical to the mother cell

Apomixis

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A nursery layout that facilitates interculture?
A nursery layout that is the most common layout?

Rectangular
Square

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Hexagonal Nursery Layout accomodates ___% more plants

15%

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A nursery layout similar to square, but with 1 additional plant that is short lived in nature. The number of plants per acre is almost doubled in this system

Quincunx
or diagonal system of plant

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Giving direction to plant

Training

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Altering shape or size of plant to promote growth, health and flowering

Pruning

Done to divert energy from 1 part to another

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A training system where the central part dominates - the plant shows pronounced apical dominance sides don’t grow much.
Give an example

Central Leader System
Eg: Rose, apple

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A system where the main stem is allowed to grow up to a certain height, then growth of lateral branches are promoted

Open Centre System

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Modified Approach is followed for which plants?

Apple, Pear
Mid-day system

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A system where plants are trained on wires/pergolas? Give Examples

Cordon system
Eg: Grapes, passion fruit, small ground

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Pruning height for Low Head Pruning?

0.7-0.9 m

Low head = 79 (<1m)

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Medium head pruning height?

0.9-1.2m

Medium head = 912 (1m-1.2m)

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High head pruning height?

> 1.2m

LH = 79, MH = 912, HH = 12 (>1m)

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A form of low pruning to about 2m upto stem

Pollarding

Used in silver oak in tea orchards

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Scientific name of Silver Oak

Grevillea robusta

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A pruning method where entire branches are removed, from its base, leaving no stubs. It is used when trees are too dense with leaves.

Thinning Out

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Cutting of main stem or all or few of the branches, leaving a basal portion

Heading Back

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When is Heading back (pruning) done in plants in North India and South India?

North: Jan
South: Aug

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Heading back of grapes is done in the month of?

October

A method where the young buds (vegetative or reproductive) are nipped, without giving them a chance to sprout. To make terminal buds give a bigger flower

Disbudding/ Rubbing off | Eg: Rose

System that refers to the removal of the tip of the shoot along with the bud - to stimulate mildly lateral growth. It is mostly practivced in which plants?

Pinching & Topping Coffee & Cottom

Removing the top or central growing point to encouage side shoots to develop, and create a bushier plant by removing old & spent flowers during the plant's growing season - encouraging side shoots to develop

Deadheading

When is pruning for apples, peaches and plums done? Which methods are followed for these crops?

Late Winter (Dec-Jan) Thinning + Heading Back

When is pruning of Mango Done?

1. Winter (Sept-Oct) 2. After Harvest

When is Heading back and Thinning (pruning) of ber done?

Summer (April-May) | Ber & South indian grape - Summer Pruning

A specialise dpruning technique to rejuvinate a plant that has stopped bearing fruits by grafting on pruned branches? Give Examples?

Top Working Mango, Cashew, Apple

Fruit where specific gravity ranged from 1.01-1.02 and TSS reaches 11-15 degree Brix (sugar content) upon ripening

Mango

A fruit where **pulp-peel ratio** reaches 1.2-1.6 and taken **3-3.5 months to ripen** post shooting?

Banana

TSS requirement for grape to be harvested?

16-24%

A dull hollow sound is produced when the fruit is tapped and has an aromatic odour upon ripening

Jackfruit

Fruit that is ready to harvest 135-140 days after anthesis

Pomegranate

Half-slip stage is a necessary identification of ripening of which fruit?

Musk Melon

Harvest is decided unpon standard set by ISO for minimum juice content of 25-35% depending upon variety

Citrus | 25% - limes, Oranges & grape - 35%

Out of Groundnut, horsegram, soybean, which belongs to the pea family?

All 3

Cashew, Papaya and Red Sanders are native to which country?

Cashew - Brazil Papaya - Mexico Red Sanders - India

Origin of Mango?

Indo Burma

Which variety of mango is suitable for highdensity planting (HDP)

Amrapali | HDP = 5m x 5m (400 plants/ha)

A juicy variety of mango with Andhra GI tag?

Banganapalli

Mango with the best export variety that is most susceptible to spongy tissue

Alphonso

Sweet late variety mango of north india?

Chausa

Early variety of mango from north india

Bombay Green

Kesar varitety of mango is from?

Gujarat

A north indian mango variety that has turpentine flavour

Langra

An off season - winter - variety of mango?

Niranjan

Mango variety ideal for long transport

Lal Sindoori | Aka Honey Mango, Rajira Mango, lalbagh mango

Fazli mango belongs to which state?

West bengal & Bihar

Dasheri variety of mango is found in?

Himsagar variety is from?

Jardalu mango is from?

Bihar

Edayur Chilli is from which state?

Kerala | Mango

Amrapali & Mallika is a hybrid of?

Dashaeri X Neelum Neelum x Dashaeri | A = D x N ; M = N x D

A flower inducing chemical for mango used to cure alternate bearing in north indian varieties

Paclobutrazol

Black tip is a disorder of which fruit? it is caused by?

Mango Pollution, High sulphur and carbon monoxide & dioxide

Clustering or jhumka problem, due to low temperatures or improper pollination is seen in?

Mango

Which alphonso like fruits do not suffer from Spongy Tissue?

Arka Puneet, Ratna

Pollination in mangois mostly done by?

Housefly

Varieties of Banana?

Dessert Culinary Dual

Robusta, Dwarf Cavendish, Grand Naine, Nendran are popular varieties of?

Dessert Bananas

Manthan, Ash, Chakkia are varieties of?

Culinary Bananas

A dual purpose variety of banana?

Nendran

A GI tagged red banana of Karnataka

Kamalpur banana aka Rich man's fruit

Wet Land banana and gardenland banana is planted in which season?

- Summer (around April) - Winter (Nov-Feb)

Hill banana and those of Padugai lands is cultivated in?

* Summer/Monsoon (June-August) * Winter or Monsoon (Jan-Feb or Aug-Sept)

Sigatoka leaf spot is a disease of?

Banana | fungal disease

Bunchy top of banana is caused by?

Banana Aphid: *Pentalonia nigronervosa* | Virus

Matti Banana is a GI tag of?

Kanyakumari | Banana

Nanjangul is a Banana that is GI tagged for?

Mysore region

Panama Disease in Banana is caused by?

Fungus *Fusarium Oxysporium*

Harvest of Banana can be after how many days?

100-150 days after flowering

3 types of Citrus and their scientific name?

1. Mandarin (*Citrus reticulate*) 2. Sweet Orange (*C. sinensis*) 3. Kagzi lime (*C. aurantifolia*)

Varieties of Mandarin Oranges (C. reticulate)?

Laddu, Coorg, Kinnow (cross btw King Sweet x willow leaf)

Common methods of grafting in orange?

T-budding or Patch budding | popular in sweet orange (C.sinensis)

Granulation, caused by high temp, RH, is a disorder in which crop?

Orange

Exanthema in oranges occur due to?

Copper deficiency

Yellow leaf in citrus is due to?

Mo Deficiency

Die back, a disorder of citrus, is due to?

Cu deficiency

Little leaf of citrus, brinjal, etc. is caused due to?

Copper & Zinc

Yellow pigment of papaya is due to?

Caricaxanthin

Seed rate of papaya is?

250-300

seed rate of a dioecius papaya plant | one where male and female occur on different plants

400-500g/ha

Pusa Nanha is a variety of which plant?

Papaya

high density variety of papaya

Pusa Nanha

Irish Peach, Zouches Pipin, Carrington Are varieties of which crop

Apple

Crown Gall is a disease of the apple crop, caused by?

*Agrobacterium tumifaciens*

Fire blight is a problem seen in?

Apple

Apple scab is caused by?

Fungus *Venturia subinaequalis*

Sanjose Scale is a disease of the crop?

Apple

Pomegranate scientific name and origin country?

*Punica granatum* Iran

Bahar treatment is done to?

Induce flowering in pomegranate

Types of Bahar treatment done and their time

* Ambe Bahar - Jan to Feb * Mrig Bahar - June to July * Hasta Bahar - Sept to Oct | Hasta Bahar is most recommended - bacterial blight low

Seedless variety of pomegranate?

Jalore seedless Rajasthan

Ganesh, jyoti and dolka are varieties of?

Pomegranate

Propagation of Pomegranate?

Stem cutting and Air layering

Bower system of training is related to which crop?

Grape